**Binomial Probability Slot Calculator Example** This page is under development. Comments are welcome, but please load any comments in the comments section at the bottom of the page. Please sign your user-name with the same courtesy that I will give you. Thanks,[gold] <> **Introduction** ---- [gold] Here is some starter code for Binomial Probability Slot Calculator Example. The impetus for this calculator was checking some iching probabilities on the [Chinese Iching Random Weather Predictions]. Its easy enough to plug in two formulas into the [Slot_Calculator_Demo] example. Most of the checked testcases involve flipping two sided objects like coins or popsicle sticks. ---- In planning any software, it is advisable to gather a number of testcases to check the results of the program. The math for the testcases can be checked by pasting statements in the TCL console. Also, some of the pseudocode statements were checked in the google search engine which will take math expressions. The factorial procedure used below was posted by Suchenworth. Aside from the TCL calculator display, when one presses the report button on the calculator, one will have console show access to the binomial function. [and the factorial (fact) function.] ---- For a system of 2 sided sticks or coins of the number N, the probability of getting all zeros or ones would be: ====== set aa [ expr { (1./(2**$N))} ] ;# generic TCL ====== For three coins, the formula would be 1/(2**3) or 1/8. ====== set aa [ expr { (1./(2**3)} ] ====== For six coins, the formula would be 1./(2**6) or 1/64 ====== set aa [ expr { (1./(2**6)} ] ====== For N coins, the probability that a one or zero would show up on one of N coins would be ====== set aa [ expr { (1.-(1./(2**$N)))} ] ====== ---- **Testcase 1 ** ---- The testcase 1 was 6 choose 2. The sample size was 2**6 or 64. ====== set gg [ expr { 2**6 } ] ====== The probabliity of getting all heads or all tails from 6 coins was 1/(2**6) or 1/64. ====== set rr [ expr { 1./(2**6) } ] ====== The answer for 6 coins choose 2 was 0.234 ---- **Testcase 2 ** The testcase 2 was 3 choose 2. The sample size was 2**3 or 8. ====== set kk [ expr { 2**3 } ] ====== The probability of getting all heads or all tails from 3 coins was 1/(2**3) or 1/8. ====== set jj [ expr { 1./(2**3) } ] ====== The answer for 3 coins choose 2 was 0.375. ---- **Testcase 3 ** The testcase 3 was 12 choose 2. The sample size was 2**10 or 4096. ====== set xx [ expr { 2**12 } ] ====== The probabliity of getting all heads or all tails from 12 coins was 1/(2**12) or 1/4096 or 2.441E-4 ====== set vv [ expr { 1./(2**12) } ] ====== The answer for 12 choose 2 was 0.01611. ---- **Session from console** ====== 1% set rr [ expr { 1./(2**12) } ] 0.000244140625 2% set gg [ expr { 2**12 } ] 4096 3% set rr [ expr { 1./(2**6) } ] 0.015625 4% set gg [ expr { 2**6 } ] 64 ====== ---- **Testcase 4 ** The testcase 4 was 4 coins choose 2. The sample size was 2**4 or 16. ====== set xx [ expr { 2**4 } ] ====== The probabliity of getting all heads or all tails. from 4 coins was 1/(2**4) or 1/16 or .0625 ====== set vv [ expr { 1./(2**4) } ] ====== The answer for 4 coins choose 2 was 0.375. **Testcase 5 ** The testcase 5 was 9 coins choose 2. The sample size was 2**9 or 512. ====== set xx [ expr { 2**9 } ] ====== The probabliity of getting all heads or all tails from 9 coins was 1/(2**9) or 1/512 or .00195 ====== set vv [ expr { 1./(2**9) } ] ====== The answer for 9 coins choose 2 was 0.0703 ---- **Console session** ====== 1% set xx [ expr { 2**4 } ] 16 2% set vv [ expr { 1./(2**4) } ] 0.0625 3% binom 4 2 2 0.375 4% set xx [ expr { 2**9 } ] 512 5% set vv [ expr { 1./(2**9) } ] 0.001953125 6% binom 9 2 2 0.07031251 % fact 9 362880 ====== ---- **Testcase 6** The testcase 6 was 20 coins choose 10. The sample size was 2**20 or 1,048,576. ====== set zz [ expr { 2**20 } ] ====== The probabliity of getting all heads or all tails from 20 coins was 1/(2**20) or 1/1,048,576 or 9.536E-7. ====== set xx [ expr { 1./(2**20) } ] ====== The answer for 20 coins choose 10 was 0.1762. ---- **Testcase 7 ** The testcase 7 was 100 coins choose 50. The sample size was 2**100 or 1.26765E+30. google(2 ** 100) = 1.2676506 × 10E30 ====== set zz [ expr { 2**100 } ] ====== The probabliity of getting all heads or all tails from 20 coins was 1/(2**100) or 1/1.26765E+30 or 7.888609E-31. google(1 / (2 ** 100)) = 7.88860905 × 10-31. ====== set xx [ expr { 1./(2**100) } ] ====== The answer for 100 coins choose 50 was 0.013843748310702326. **Console session compared to stattrek.com** ====== 2% binom 100 50 2 0.07978845608028655 stattrek( 0.0795892373871788 ) 3% binom 100 60 2 0.010872519679731506 stattrek(0.010843866711638) 4% binom 100 70 2 2.3243440318642605e-5 stattrek( 2.31706905801352E-05 ) 5% binom 100 80 2 4.229044215516387e-10 stattrek( 4.22816326760158E-10 ) 6% binom 100 90 2 1.3656690823232337e-17 stattrek( 1.36554263874631E-17) 7% binom 100 95 2 5.939398609386625e-23 stattrek( 5.93913811790451E-23) 8% binom 100 99 2 7.888675454251962e-29 stattrek(7.88860905221012E-29) ====== ---- **Testcase 8 ** The testcase 8 was 120 coins choose 50.1.329227E+36. The sample size was 2**120 or 1.329227E+36. google(2 ** 120) = 1.329228 × 10E36 ====== set zz [ expr { 2**120 } ] ====== The probability of getting all heads or all tails from 120 coins was 1/(2**120) or 1/ 1.329227E+36 or 7.5231E-37 google(1 / (2 ** 120)) = 7.52316385 × 10-37 ====== set xx [ expr { 1./(2**120) } ] ====== The answer for 120 coins choose 50 was 0.013843748310702326, omparable to stattrek(0.0138138412069122). ====== #console session 12% binom 120 50 2 0.013843748310702326 ====== ---- **Extra Credit** For a system of one die with kk sides of the number N tosses, the sample size would be: ====== set aa [ expr { ($kk**$N)} ] ====== For example, a 6 sided die with 2 tosses would have a sample size of 6**2 or 36. ====== set aa [ expr { ( 6**2 )} ] ====== The probability of two dice having the same face like snake eyes (1:1) on one throw is 1/(sample size) or 1/36. ====== set pp [ expr { 1./(6**2) } ] ====== ---- The following sums the numbers on two faces. For 2 dice of 6 sides, the probability of a number 7 coming up is 0.1666. In pseudocode statements, the probability of two dice landing with sum 7 would be the number of combinations that add up to seven over the number of all possible combinations from throwing 2 dice. Such a $list can generated in the auxillary eTCL script at the bottom of page. ====== prob. pseudocode = nom ($list) / denom ( $list) prob. pseudocode = llength [lsearch -all $list 7 ] / [llength $list ] prob. pseudocode = [llength [lsearch -all $list 7 ]] / [llength $list ] ====== This would find our probability of throw 7 on a one time basis. For the calculator, this process could be generalized into a subroutine that generated a list for 2 to N sides: list(N), an expected dice throw as $facenumber, counted the number of throws showing $facenumber in list(N), and counted all the elements in the list(N). ====== prob. pseudocode = [llength [lsearch -all $list(N) $facenumber ]] / [llength $list(N) ] ====== Also, another foreach loop in the list generator could probably generate the possible throws of three dice. ---- **Screenshots Section** [http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4100/4826856340_d43cb36805.jpg] [http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4102/4830809174_47303eaa2c.jpg] [http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4092/4840912575_32c4402fa5.jpg] [http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4149/4841520100_c94c594994.jpg] [http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4092/4840912575_32c4402fa5.jpg] [http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4149/4841520100_c94c594994.jpg] ---- **References** * [factorial] * [Slot_Calculator_Demo] * http://www.knowyourluck.com/coins3u.html (currently 404) * http://www.learning.com/pdfs/et/activity-35-cointoss.pdf * http://stattrek.com/Tables/Binomial.aspx Binomial Distribution Calculator * [Sample Math Programs] modified [PSE} operation tables to generate throw do-loops * http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/math/dice.html Statistics of Dice Throw * http://wizardofodds.com/gambling/dice.html Dice Probability basics * http://www.cobalt.chem.ucalgary.ca/ziegler/educmat/chm386/rudiment/mathbas/probab.htm Probability * http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/probability/calcinfo.htm Calculating probabilities of throwing two dice * Math Forum,Date: 05/16/99, Doctor Anthony,Probability dealing with combinations of dice * Math Forum,Doctor Jeremiah,Probability of dicehttp://wiki.tcl.tk/13243 * Google Answers Probability of Coin Flip.mht * 2 Dice Rolls Probability-Statistics - * Doctor Math,[http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/56627.html] **appendix TCL programs** ***Pretty Print Version*** ====== # Pretty Print version from autoindent and ased editor # written on Windows XP on eTCL # working under TCL version 8.5.6 and eTCL 1.0.1 # gold on TCL WIKI , 21Jul2010 package require Tk frame .frame -relief flat -bg aquamarine4 pack .frame -side top -fill y -anchor center set names {{} N_coins: heads: {sides:} {sample:} {1/sample:} {answer:} 1/sample:} foreach i {1 2 3 4 5 6 } { label .frame.label$i -text [lindex $names $i] -anchor e entry .frame.entry$i -width 35 -textvariable side$i grid .frame.label$i .frame.entry$i -sticky ew -pady 2 -padx 1 } proc about {} { set msg "Calculator for binomial probabliity. from TCL WIKI, written on eTCL " tk_messageBox -title "About" -message $msg } proc pi {} {expr acos(-1)} proc fact n {expr { $n<2? 1: $n>20? pow($n,$n)*exp(-$n)*sqrt(2*acos(-1)*$n): wide($n)*[fact [incr n -1]]} } proc binomialprobabilty { aa bb cc dd ee } { #set aa 6 #set bb 4 #set cc 2 set sidex $cc set aa [ expr { int($aa) } ] set cc [ expr { int($bb) } ] set bb [ expr { $aa-$cc } ] set term1 [ fact $aa ] set term2 [ fact $bb ] set term3 [ fact $cc ] set sample [ expr { $sidex**$aa} ] set binprob [ expr { ($term1*1.)/($term2*$term3*$sample*1.) } ] return $binprob ; } proc binom { aa bb cc } { #set aa 6 #set bb 4 #set cc 2 set sidex $cc set aa [ expr { int($aa) } ] set cc [ expr { int($bb) } ] set bb [ expr { ($aa-$cc) } ] set term1 [ fact $aa ] set term2 [ fact $bb ] set term3 [ fact $cc ] set sample [ expr { $sidex**$aa} ] set binprob [ expr { ($term1*1.)/($term2*$term3*$sample*1.) } ] return $binprob ; } proc pol { xx1 yy1 xx3 yy3 xx2 } { return [expr { ((($xx2-$xx1)*($yy3-$yy1))/($xx3-$xx1))+ $yy1 } ] ;} proc calculate { } { global answer2 global side1 side2 side3 side4 side5 side6 set answer2 [ binomialprobabilty $side1 $side2 $side3 $side4 $side5 ] set side4 [ expr { $side3**$side1 } ] set side5 [ expr { 1./ ($side3**$side1) } ] set side6 $answer2 set pi5 [pi] if {$answer2 >= $pi5} { set error5 [expr {100.*$answer2/$pi5-100.}] } if {$answer2 <= $pi5} { set error5 [expr {100.*$pi5/$answer2-100.}] } #$x insert 1.0 " % error $error5 " #$t insert 1.0 " % error $error5 " } proc fillup {aa bb cc dd ee ff } { .frame.entry1 insert 0 "$aa" .frame.entry2 insert 0 "$bb" .frame.entry3 insert 0 "$cc" .frame.entry4 insert 0 "$dd" .frame.entry5 insert 0 "$ee" .frame.entry6 insert 0 "$ff " } proc clearx {} { foreach i {1 2 3 4 5 6 } { .frame.entry$i delete 0 end } } proc reportx {} { console show; puts " The binom function takes three quantities. The points are aa,bb ,cc. The input order of the 3 items is N_coins heads sides and solving for binomial probability. eg. binom 9 2 2 gives 0.0703 " } frame .buttons -bg aquamarine4 ::ttk::button .calculator -text "Solve" -command { calculate } ::ttk::button .test2 -text "Testcase1" -command { clearx;fillup 6. 2. 2. 64. .0156 .234375 } ::ttk::button .test3 -text "Testcase2" -command { clearx;fillup 3. 2. 2. 8. .125 .375 } ::ttk::button .test4 -text "Testcase3" -command { clearx;fillup 12. 2. 2. 4096. 2.4E-4 .01611 } ::ttk::button .clearallx -text clear -command {clearx } ::ttk::button .about -text about -command about ::ttk::button .cons -text report -command { reportx } ::ttk::button .exit -text exit -command {exit} pack .calculator -in .buttons -side top -padx 10 -pady 5 pack .clearallx .cons .about .exit .test4 .test3 .test2 -side bottom -in .buttons grid .frame .buttons -sticky ns -pady {0 10} . configure -background aquamarine4 -highlightcolor brown -relief raised -border 30 wm title . "Binomial Probablity Slot Calculator Example " ====== ****Auxillary programs*** Here's searching through a list of thrown dice combos for probability. The worker bee is ====== [ lsearch -all [ listofnn $nn ] $facen ] $facen is the sum of a 2-dice throw like 7. $nn is the number of sides,eg 6. ====== Subroutine is invoked by a foreach procedure for probability, which would be number of thrown 7's over all possible throws. Drop (-all) and lose all, returning only one position of "7" in list. ---- **Console program for two 6-sided dice** ====== # prob. subroutines for two 6-sided dice # throw of 7 etc. proc listofnn { nn } { set lister [list ] for { set i 1 } { $i <= $nn } { incr i } { lappend lister $i } set i 0 while { [ incr i ] <= $nn } { foreach item $lister { append listofnn " [ expr {$item+$i} ]" } } return $listofnn } proc calculation { nn facen } { set ee [llength [ listofnn $nn ]] set kk [ llength [ lsearch -all [ listofnn $nn ] $facen ] ] set prob [ expr { ($kk*1.) / $ee } ] return $prob } console show set limit 12 for { set i 1 } { $i <= $limit } { incr i } { lappend listxxx $i lappend listxxx [ calculation 6 $i ] puts " $i [ calculation 6 $i ] " } puts $listxxx ====== **Output for plot** output plotted in jpg above 1 0.0 2 0.027777777777777776 3 0.05555555555555555 4 0.08333333333333333 5 0.1111111111111111 6 0.1388888888888889 7 0.16666666666666666 8 0.1388888888888889 9 0.1111111111111111 10 0.08333333333333333 11 0.05555555555555555 12 0.027777777777777776 #end ====== ---- **Console program for two 6-sided dice** ====== # written on Windowws XP on eTCL # working under TCL version 8.5.6 and eTCL 1.0.1 # gold on TCL WIKI , 21Jul2010 # find probability of 7 on 2 6-sided dice. proc listofnn { nn } { set lister [list ] for { set i 1 } { $i <= $nn } { incr i } { lappend lister $i } set i 0 #puts $lister while { [ incr i ] <= $nn } { foreach item $lister { append listofnn " [ expr {$item+$i} ]" } } return $listofnn } ---- **Pseudocode program for two dice** ====== console show #not efficient code here. #trying to show evolution #from pseudocode puts " prob. pseudocode = nom (\$list) \/ denom ( \$list) " puts "pseudocode:find all possible combinations from throwing 2 dice" puts [ listofnn 6 ] puts "pseudocode: find length of list" puts "pseudocode:\[llength \$list \]" puts [llength [ listofnn 6 ]] set ee [llength [ listofnn 6 ]] puts "pseudocode: find positions of 7 in list" puts "prob. pseudocode \= \[lsearch -all \$list 7 \] " puts [ lsearch -all [ listofnn 6 ] 7 ] puts "pseudocode: count number of throws of 7" puts " prob. pseudocode \= llength \[lsearch -all \$list 7 \] " puts [ llength [ lsearch -all [ listofnn 6 ] 7 ] ] set kk [ llength [ lsearch -all [ listofnn 6 ] 7 ] ] puts "prob. pseudocode = \[llength \[lsearch -all \$list 7 \]\] \/ \[llength \$list \]" #not efficient code here. #trying to show evolution #from pseudocode set prob [ expr { ($kk*1.) / $ee } ] puts $prob #end of deck ====== **Pseudocode for finding positions of 7 in sequence ** ---- ====== printed output of deck prob. pseudocode = nom ($list) / denom ( $list) pseudocode:find all possible combinations from throwing 2 dice 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 11 7 8 9 10 11 12 pseudocode: find length of list pseudocode:[llength $list ] 36 pseudocode: find positions of 7 in list prob. pseudocode = [lsearch -all $list 7 ] 5 10 15 20 25 30 pseudocode: count number of throws of 7 prob. pseudocode = llength [lsearch -all $list 7 ] 6 prob. pseudocode = [llength [lsearch -all $list 7 ]] / [llength $list ] 0.16666666666666666 ====== **eTCL program ** ---- ====== # written on Windowws XP on eTCL # working under TCL version 8.5.6 and eTCL 1.0.1 # gold on TCL WIKI , 21Jul2010 frame .frame -relief flat -bg aquamarine4 pack .frame -side top -fill y -anchor center set names {{} {throw:} {N_sides:} {No_dice:} {sample:} {1/sample:} {answer:} 1/sample:} foreach i {1 2 3 4 5 6 } { label .frame.label$i -text [lindex $names $i] -anchor e entry .frame.entry$i -width 35 -textvariable side$i grid .frame.label$i .frame.entry$i -sticky ew -pady 2 -padx 1 } proc about {} { set msg "Calculator for Probablity N-sided Double Dice. from TCL WIKI, written on eTCL " tk_messageBox -title "About" -message $msg } proc pi {} {expr acos(-1)} proc fact n {expr { $n<2? 1: $n>20? pow($n,$n)*exp(-$n)*sqrt(2*acos(-1)*$n): wide($n)*[fact [incr n -1]]} } proc listofnn { nn } { # prob. subroutines for two 6-sided dice # throw of 7 etc. for { set i 1 } { $i <= $nn } { incr i } { lappend lister $i } set i 0 while { [ incr i ] <= $nn } { foreach item $lister { append listofnn " [ expr {$item+$i} ]" } } return $listofnn } proc dice { facen nn } { # prob. subroutines for two 6-sided dice # throw of 7 etc. set facen [ expr { int($facen) } ] set nn [ expr { int($nn) } ] set ee [llength [ listofnn $nn ]] set kk [ llength [ lsearch -all [ listofnn $nn ] $facen ] ] set prob [ expr { ($kk*1.) / ($ee*1.) } ] return $prob } proc binom { aa bb cc } { #set aa 6 #set bb 4 #set cc 2 set sidex $cc set aa [ expr { int($aa) } ] set cc [ expr { int($bb) } ] set bb [ expr { ($aa-$cc) } ] set term1 [ fact $aa ] set term2 [ fact $bb ] set term3 [ fact $cc ] set sample [ expr { $sidex**$aa} ] set binprob [ expr { ($term1*1.)/($term2*$term3*$sample*1.) } ] return $binprob ; } proc pol { xx1 yy1 xx3 yy3 xx2 } { return [expr { ((($xx2-$xx1)*($yy3-$yy1))/($xx3-$xx1))+ $yy1 } ] ;} proc calculate { } { global colorwarning global colorback global answer2 answer3 global side1 side2 side3 side4 side5 side6 set answer2 "" set side3 [ expr { int($side3) } ] set answer2 [dice $side1 $side2 ] set side4 [ expr { $side2**$side3 } ] set side5 [ expr { 1./ ($side2**$side3) } ] set side6 $answer2 set pi5 [pi] if {$answer2 >= $pi5} { set error5 [expr {100.*$answer2/$pi5-100.}] } if {$answer2 <= $pi5} { set error5 [expr {100.*$pi5/$answer2-100.}] } #$x insert 1.0 " % error $error5 " #$t insert 1.0 " % error $error5 " } proc fillup {aa bb cc dd ee ff } { .frame.entry1 insert 0 "$aa" .frame.entry2 insert 0 "$bb" .frame.entry3 insert 0 "$cc" .frame.entry4 insert 0 "$dd" .frame.entry5 insert 0 "$ee" .frame.entry6 insert 0 "$ff " } proc clearx {} { foreach i {1 2 3 4 5 6 } { .frame.entry$i delete 0 end } } proc reportx {} { console show; puts " The interpolation function takes two know points on a line and solves for an intermediate point. The points are xx1,yy1,xx2,yy2 and xx3,?yy3? The interpolation function loaded as proc pol. User should be able to cut and paste (c&p) pol 50. 1000. 200. 1200. 150. and save answer (1133.3) on console. ******** The binom function takes three quantities. The input order of the 3 items is N_coins heads sides. and solving for binomial probability. eg. (c&p) binom 9 2 2 gives 0.0703 ********* The listofnn function returns a list of combos for N_sides double dice. Max combo should be twice N_sides. eg. (c&p) listofnn 6 gives 36 combos ************ The dice function takes two quantities. The input order of the 2 items is throw N_sides. eg.(c&p) dice 7 6 gives 0.166 " } frame .buttons -bg aquamarine4 ::ttk::button .calculator -text "Solve" -command { calculate } ::ttk::button .test2 -text "Testcase1" -command { clearx;fillup 7. 6. 2. 36. .0277 .166 } ::ttk::button .test3 -text "Testcase2" -command { clearx;fillup 3. 6. 2. 36. .0277 .0555 } ::ttk::button .test4 -text "Testcase3" -command { clearx;fillup 2. 6. 2. 36. .0277 .0277 } ::ttk::button .clearallx -text clear -command {clearx } ::ttk::button .about -text about -command about ::ttk::button .cons -text report -command { reportx } ::ttk::button .exit -text exit -command {exit} pack .calculator -in .buttons -side top -padx 10 -pady 5 pack .clearallx .cons .about .exit .test4 .test3 .test2 -side bottom -in .buttons grid .frame .buttons -sticky ns -pady {0 10} . configure -background aquamarine4 -highlightcolor brown -relief raised -border 30 bind . {wm title . "Probablity N-sided Double Dice Slot Calculator Example "} ====== ---- The testcase 4a was 3 dice rolling all ones. The sample size was 6**3 or 216. ====== set zz [ expr { 6**3 } ] ====== The probability of getting all ones from 3 dice was 1/(6**3) or 0.0046296. ====== set xx [ expr { 1./(6**3) } ] ====== **Printout for all throws of 3 dice** printout for all throws of 3 dice. set tcl_precision 17 was not used here, but I can't tell much difference. ====== 1 0.0 2 0.0 3 0.004629629629629629 4 0.013888888888888888 5 0.027777777777777776 6 0.046296296296296294 7 0.06944444444444445 8 0.09722222222222222 9 0.11574074074074074 10 0.125 11 0.125 12 0.11574074074074074 13 0.09722222222222222 14 0.06944444444444445 15 0.046296296296296294 16 0.027777777777777776 17 0.013888888888888888 18 0.004629629629629629 #end ====== **Printout for all throws of 4 dice** all throws of 4 dice set tcl_precision 17 (on) ====== 1 0.0 2 0.0 3 0.0 4 0.0007716049382716049 5 0.0030864197530864196 6 0.007716049382716049 7 0.015432098765432098 8 0.027006172839506171 9 0.043209876543209874 10 0.061728395061728392 11 0.080246913580246909 12 0.096450617283950615 13 0.10802469135802469 14 0.11265432098765432 15 0.10802469135802469 16 0.096450617283950615 17 0.080246913580246909 18 0.061728395061728392 19 0.043209876543209874 20 0.027006172839506171 21 0.015432098765432098 22 0.007716049382716049 23 0.0030864197530864196 24 0.0007716049382716049 end ====== The testcase 5a was 5 dice rolling all sixes. The sample size was 6**5 or 7776. ====== set zz [ expr { 6**5 } ] ====== The probabliity of getting all sixes from 5 coins was 1/(6**5) or 1.28E-4 ====== set xx [ expr { 1./(6**5) } ] ====== ---- **Comments Section** <> Please place any comments here, Thanks. <> Toys | Example | Calculator | Mathematics