**Sumerian Coefficients at the Bitumen Works and eTCL Slot Calculator Demo Example** This page is under development. Comments are welcome, but please load any comments in the comments section at the bottom of the page. Please include your wiki MONIKER in your comment with the same courtesy that I will give you. Its very hard to reply intelligibly without some background of the correspondent. Thanks,[gold] ---- <> [gold] Here is some eTCL starter code for calculating materials of ancient Sumerian bitumen. The impetus for these calculations was checking bitumen weights in some cuneiform texts and modern replicas. Most of the testcases involve replicas or models, using assumptions and rules of thumb. In ancient Sumer and Babylon, there were many terms for bitumen products, but the two primary terms in the Sumerian language were esir a (watery bitumen ) and esir had (dry bitumen), as cited in the Sumerian coefficient lists. Babylon sold 60 liters of construction and waterproofing pitch (esir a) for 1 silver piece and 40 liters (eq. vol) of dry pitch (esir had) for 1 silver piece. At least in terms of shipping, esir had easier to transport. Esir a was a liquid petroleum product and had to be shipped in pottery jars and probably kept sealed. If price is measure of petroleum fractions for the heavy (esir had) fraction and light fraction (esir a), the tar fraction was 40 liters (for a shekel)/ 60 liters (for a shekel) , 2/3, or 40/60 of the heavy esir a fraction. Using modern terms for crude oil, the tar fraction was from 10-14 %, 5.25 kg to 7.3 kg out of 52.5 kilograms of converted barig 60 liter unit. The texts mention both cooking and (implied) sun dry processing for bitumen. Suppose that the Babylon products were derived from successive cooking or sun-dry processes, then a crude production line or process could be outlined: 100 liters crude oil > 85 liter lamp oil > 60 liters construction & waterproofing pitch > 40 liters dry pitch. Starting with 100 per cent, straining and cooking would remove impurities such as spare water, sand particles, and plant matter. Further cooking would remove the gasoline and naphtha fractions, leaving about 85 percent for lamp fuel (eg. kerosene) and medicine. Additional cooking would remove kerosene and some mineral oil leaving 30 percent of the original crude oil for a heavy oil/pitch fraction (esir a) for waterproofing woven products, construction of floors and walls, and waterproofing bricks. The next stage would cooking or drying the heavy oil/pitch into the 20 percent residue called esir had. The conjecture here is that esir a was the feedstock for esir had. Esir had was used in crafts as a cement or mixed with stone powder as a sort of moldable plastic. Possibly, esir had was used as fuel in brick kilns, smelters, and other industrial processes. For eTCL calculator, the recommended procedure is push testcase and fill frame, then change the entry for raw bitumen and push solve. The English terms "watery pitch, wet pitch, and dry pitch" appeared in the original English translation by Goetze, Mathematical Cuneiform Texts. They are used in the eTCL calculator for consistency with the original translation. Pushing the report button will print a report in the Tcl Wiki format on the console window. ***Table 1, Possible fractions left after cooking or sun dry processes. *** %| possible fractions left at boiling or sun dry processes. | | | | | |% %| 100 liters crude oil > 85 liter lamp oil > 60 liters construction & waterproofing pitch > 40 liters dry |% &| modern fractions, no cracking | modern (1870's) | modern fraction | ||& &| product | fraction starting zero %| starting 100% | Babylon 100-% | Cuneiform name| Bablylon use or comment |& &| gasoline | 1.7 | 98.3 | | no reported use |& &| naptha | 14. | 84.3 | 85 | naptum (fire oil)| |& &| kerosene | 34 | 50 | 60 | naptum (fire oil)|lamp oil, medicine|& &| bunker oil | 18 | 32.3 | 30 | esir a (wet pitch | waterproofing,construction|& &| tar,pitch,wax | 15 | 17.23 | 20 | esir had |dry pitch |& &| losses | 12 | 5 | |5 | |& &| total | 100 | | | | |& **** Table 2 , Sumerian coefficients at the bitumin refinery **** %| coefficient | transliterated | english | possible decimal /fraction |% &| 15 | igi.gub.esiri.e | coefficient refined pitch | 15/60 |& &| 16 | igi.gub.esiri |coefficient raw pitch | 16/60 |& &| 15 | ssa esiri |coefficient pitch| 15/60 |& &| 12 | ssa esiri | coefficient (refined?) pitch | 12/60 |& &| 10 45 06 | ssa ina ki-ri-im | coefficient (refined?) pitch | 0.1794 |& &| 15 | ssa esiri ? | coefficient (raw?) pitch | 15/60 |& &| 15 | ssa esiri-e-aIt | coefficient refined pitch | 15/60 |& &|2.5 | barig (of) esir-e-a | price wet pitch | 2.5 barig for 1 shekel , URIII |& &|10 | gu (of) esir-had | price dry pitch | 10 gu for 1 shekel , URIII |& &|12 | gu (of) esir-had | price dry pitch | 12 gu for 1 shekel, URIII |& &|4 | ban (of) esir-had | price dry pitch | 4 ban for 1 shekel, Babylon 1900 BC |& Note: Some of the coefficient values may appear redundant, however the coefficient lists and price lists for bitumen products appeared in considerably different eras, countries, and languages. To that extent, it is risky to assume that a bitumen product in Babylon (1900 BCE) means the same consistency,price, and product in Sumer (UrIII, 2300 BCE) ---- *** Pseudocode and Equations using coefficients *** %| Pseudocode with some Equations | |% &| namespace path {::tcl::mathop ::tcl::mathfunc} ||& &| pseudocode: answer is mandays of labor or silver pieces +- error | |& &| price? = raw materials + labor + profits | |& &| price? = raw materials + heat process | |& &| price? = raw materials + labor | |& ---- ***Testcases Section*** In planning any software, it is advisable to gather a number of testcases to check the results of the program. The math for the testcases can be checked by pasting statements in the TCL console. Aside from the TCL calculator display, when one presses the report button on the calculator, one will have console show access to the capacity functions (subroutines). **** Testcase 1 **** %| T 1|table printed in tcl wiki format|% &|quanity| value| comment, if any|& &|testcase number| 1||& &|initialcrude kilograms: | 100. ||& &|naptum (fire oil) kilograms | 85.0||& &|lamp oil (& medicine) kilograms:| 60.0||& &|liquid pitch kilograms::| 30.0 ||& &|dry pitch kilograms :| 20.0||& &|heating value of dry pitch, Megajoules:| 400.0 ||& &|price of pitch in silver:| 1.0 ||& **** Testcase 3 **** %| T 2|table printed in tcl wiki format|% &|quanity| value| comment, if any|& &|testcase number| 2||& &|initialcrude kilograms: | 10. ||& &|naptum (fire oil) kilograms | 8.5||& &|lamp oil (& medicine) kilograms:| 6.0||& &|liquid pitch kilograms::| 3.0 ||& &|dry pitch kilograms :| 2.0||& &|heating value of dry pitch, Megajoules:| 40.0 ||& &|price of pitch in silver:| 0.1 ||& **** Testcase 3 **** %|T 3 |table printed in tcl wiki format|% &|quanity| value| comment, if any|& &|testcase number| 3||& &|initialcrude kilograms: | 500. ||& &|naptum (fire oil) kilograms | 425.0||& &|lamp oil (& medicine) kilograms:| 300.0||& &|liquid pitch kilograms::| 150.0 ||& &|dry pitch kilograms :| 100.0||& &|heating value of dry pitch, Megajoules:| 2000.0 ||& &|price of pitch in silver:| 5.0 ||& ***Screenshots Section*** ****figure 1.**** [http://s16.postimg.org/3onn28o3p/Image259.gif] ---- ***References:*** * Cities of the Ancient World: [https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/WCITI2.html] * major paper in understandable prose,Equivalency Values and the Command Economy * Robert Englund, UCLA [cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund2012a.pdf] * Ur III Tablets in the Valdosta State University, search on cdli * Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, search on Equivalency Values * Ur III Equivalency Values[http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=ur_iii_equivalency_values] * Especially, the Ur III Equivalency Values for esir a and esir had sections. * The Sumerian keywords -bi, esir, and had search on the cdli * are very effective, but major size files to download * Mathematical Coefficients of Bitumen, Paul BRY NABU(01-2002)7, in French ---- **Appendix Code** ***appendix TCL programs and scripts *** ====== # working under TCL version 8.5.6 and eTCL 1.0.1 # pretty print from autoindent and ased editor # Sumerian bitumen calculator # written on Windows XP on eTCL # working under TCL version 8.5.6 and eTCL 1.0.1 # gold on TCL WIKI , 10apr2014 package require Tk namespace path {::tcl::mathop ::tcl::mathfunc} frame .frame -relief flat -bg aquamarine4 pack .frame -side top -fill y -anchor center set names {{} {raw bitumen kilograms:} } lappend names {answers: naptum (fire oil) kilograms:} lappend names {lamp oil (& medicine) kilograms : } lappend names {liquid pitch (waterproofing) kilograms: } lappend names {dry pitch (construction) kilograms:} lappend names {heating value of dry pitch, Megajoules} lappend names {price of product in silver: } foreach i {1 2 3 4 5 6 7} { label .frame.label$i -text [lindex $names $i] -anchor e entry .frame.entry$i -width 35 -textvariable side$i grid .frame.label$i .frame.entry$i -sticky ew -pady 2 -padx 1 } proc about {} { set msg "Calculator for Sumerian Bitumen from TCL WIKI, written on eTCL " tk_messageBox -title "About" -message $msg } proc calculate { } { global answer2 global side1 side2 side3 side4 side5 global side6 side7 testcase_number global initialcrude bitumenkg global construction oilcl crude lampoil global silverxpr incr testcase_number #straining sand,set initialcrude [* $side1 0.98] set initialcrude $side1 set bitumenkg $initialcrude set side2 [* $bitumenkg .85] set side3 [* $bitumenkg .60] set side4 [* $bitumenkg .30] set side5 [* $bitumenkg .20] set side6 [* $bitumenkg .20 20] set construction [* $bitumenkg .60] set oilcl [* $bitumenkg .30] set crude [* $bitumenkg .20] set side7 [* $side5 [/ 1. 20.]] set silverxpr $side7 } proc fillup {aa bb cc dd ee ff gg} { .frame.entry1 insert 0 "$aa" .frame.entry2 insert 0 "$bb" .frame.entry3 insert 0 "$cc" .frame.entry4 insert 0 "$dd" .frame.entry5 insert 0 "$ee" .frame.entry6 insert 0 "$ff" .frame.entry7 insert 0 "$gg"} proc clearx {} { foreach i {1 2 3 4 5 6 7} { .frame.entry$i delete 0 end } } proc reportx {} { global side1 side2 side3 side4 side5 global side6 side7 testcase_number global initialcrude bitumenkg global construction oilcl crude lampoil global silverxpr console show; puts "%|table printed in| tcl wiki format|% " puts "&|quanity| value| comment, if any|& " puts "&|testcase number| $testcase_number||& " puts "&|initial crude kilograms: | $side1 ||&" puts "&|naptum (fire oil) kilograms | $side2||& " puts "&|lamp oil (& medicine) kilograms:| $side3||& " puts "&|liquid pitch kilograms::| $side4 ||&" puts "&|dry pitch kilograms :| $side5||& " puts "&|heating value of dry pitch, Megajoules:| $side6 ||&" puts "&|price of labor in silver:| $side7 ||&" } frame .buttons -bg aquamarine4 ::ttk::button .calculator -text "Solve" -command { calculate } ::ttk::button .test2 -text "Testcase1" -command {clearx;fillup 100. 85. 60. 30. 20. 400. 1.0 } ::ttk::button .test3 -text "Testcase2" -command {clearx;fillup 10. 8.5 6.0 3.0 2.0 40. .1 } ::ttk::button .test4 -text "Testcase3" -command {clearx;fillup 500. 425. 300. 150. 100. 2000. 5.0} ::ttk::button .clearallx -text clear -command {clearx } ::ttk::button .about -text about -command about ::ttk::button .cons -text report -command { reportx } ::ttk::button .exit -text exit -command {exit} pack .calculator -in .buttons -side top -padx 10 -pady 5 pack .clearallx .cons .about .exit .test4 .test3 .test2 -side bottom -in .buttons grid .frame .buttons -sticky ns -pady {0 10} . configure -background aquamarine4 -highlightcolor brown -relief raised -border 30 wm title . "Sumerian Bitumen Calculator " ====== *** Pushbutton Operation*** ---- For the push buttons, the recommended procedure is push testcase and fill frame, change first three entries etc, push solve, and then push report. Report allows copy and paste from console. For testcases in a computer session, the eTCL calculator increments a new testcase number internally, eg. TC(1), TC(2) , TC(3) , TC(N). The testcase number is internal to the calculator and will not be printed until the report button is pushed for the current result numbers (which numbers will be cleared on the next solve button.) The command { calculate; reportx } or { calculate ; reportx; clearx } can be added or changed to report automatically. Another wrinkle would be to print out the current text, delimiters, and numbers in a TCL wiki style table as ====== puts " %| testcase $testcase_number | value| units |comment |%" puts " &| volume| $volume| cubic meters |based on length $side1 and width $side2 |&" ====== ---- ---- **Comments Section** <> Please place any comments here, Thanks. <> Numerical Analysis | Toys | Calculator | Mathematics| Example