This is the first of three sections which discuss the way Tcl handles substitution during command evaluation.
In Tcl, the evaluation of a command is done in 2 phases. The first phase is a single pass of substitutions. The second phase is the evaluation of the resulting command. Note that only one pass of substitutions is made. Thus in the command
puts $varName
the contents of the variable varName are substituted for $varName, and then the command is executed. Assuming we have set varName to "Hello World", the sequence would look like this:
puts $varName --> puts "Hello World"
, which is then executed and prints out Hello World.
During the substitution phase, several types of substitutions occur.
A command within square brackets ([]) is replaced with the result of the execution of that command. (This will be explained more fully in the lesson Results of a Command - Math 101.)
Words within double quotes or braces are grouped into a single argument. However, double quotes and braces cause different behavior during the substitution phase. In this lesson, we will concentrate on the behavior of double quotes during the substitution phase.
Grouping words within double quotes allows substitutions to occur within the quotations - or, in fancier terms, "interpolation". The substituted group is then evaluated as a single argument. Thus, in the puts command:
set varName "12 dollars"
puts "The current stock value is $varName"the current contents of varName are substituted for $varName, and then the entire string is printed to the output device, just like the example above.
In general, the backslash (\) disables substitution for the single character immediately following the backslash. Any character immediately following the backslash will stand without substitution.
However, there are specific "Backslash Sequence" strings which are replaced by specific values during the substitution phase. The following backslash strings will be substituted as shown below.
| String | Output | Hex value |
|---|---|---|
| \a | Audible Bell | 0x07 |
| \b | Backspace | 0x08 |
| \f | Form Feed (clear screen) | 0x0c |
| \n | New Line | 0x0a |
| \r | Carriage Return | 0x0d |
| \t | Tab | 0x09 |
| \v | Vertical Tab | 0x0b |
| \0dd | Octal Value | d is a digit from 0-7 |
| \uHHHH | H (one to four digits) is a hex digit 0-9,A-F,a-f. | |
| This represents a 16-bit Unicode character. | ||
| \xHH | Hexadecimal Value (exactly two digits) | H is a hex digit 0-9,A-F,a-f. |
Note that the \x substitution "keeps going" as long as it has hexadecimal digits, and only uses the last two, meaning that \xaa and \xaaaa are equal, and that \xaaAnd anyway will "eat" the A of "And". Using the \u notation is probably a better idea.
The final exception is the backslash at the end of a line of text. This causes the interpreter to ignore the newline, and treat the text as a single line of text. The interpreter will insert a blank space at the location of the ending backslash.
set Z Albany set Z_LABEL "The capital of New York is: " puts "$Z_LABEL $Z" ;# Prints the value of Z puts "$Z_LABEL \$Z" ;# Prints literal $Z instead of the value of Z puts "\nBen Franklin is on the \$100.00 bill" set a 100.00 puts "Washington is not on the $a bill" ;# Not what you want puts "Lincoln is not on the $$a bill" ;# This is OK puts "Hamilton is not on the \$a bill" ;# Not what you want either puts "Ben Franklin is on the \$$a bill" ;# But, this is OK puts "\n................. examples of escape strings" puts "Tab\tTab\tTab" puts "This string prints out \non two lines" puts "This string comes out\ on a single line"
The Capitol of New York is: Albany The Capitol of New York is: $Z Ben Franklin is on the $100.00 bill Washington is not on the 100.00 bill Lincoln is not on the $100.00 bill Hamilton is not on the $a bill Ben Franklin is on the $100.00 bill ................. examples of escape strings Tab Tab Tab This string prints out on two lines This string comes out on a single line