## Tcl in comparison

Richard Suchenwirth 2002-12-16 - For people experienced in other languages, it may be interesting to compare code snippets between Tcl and other languages, to demonstrate similarities and differences. Please add more from your experience!

## C

void countdown(int n) {         | proc countdown {n} {
int i;                      |
for(i=n; i>0; i--) {        |    for {set i $n} {$i>0} {incr i -1} {
printf("%d...\n", i);    |        puts [format %d... $i] } | } } | } 2014-12-19: the call to format isn't really necessary, puts$i... will do. But strictly speaking the equivalent of C's printf is puts with the output from format as an argument.

My alternative loop shows the relation between For and While:

void countdown(int n) {   |  proc countdown {n} { | subroutine countdown (i)
while (n>0) {           |    while {$n>0} { | do printf("%d...\n", i); | puts$n...       |     write (*,*) n
n--;                |      incr n -1        |     n=n-1
}                       |    }                  |   while (n>0)
}                         |  }                    | endsubroutine

The main difference is that a FORTRAN while loop is executed at least once; a for loop can terminate before entry.

C /* The above could be: */

void countdown(int n) {
for (; n>0; n--)
printf("%d...\n",n);
}

slebetman: which has an equivalent Tcl construct:

proc countdown {n} {
for {} {$n>0} {incr n -1} { puts [format %d...$n]
}
}
• Everything is a command in Tcl. Function definitions are done with the proc command, assignments with the set command, in/decrementation of integers with the incr command.
• Retrieving the value of a variable goes with prefixed $sign - while mentioning the name of a variable it is not used • Variable type rarely matters and is not declared. Only incr would complain if its first argument is not an integer (MG Well, there isn't really "variable type" - everything is a string. incr just expects a var to be set to a string that looks like an integer...) • Formatting values into strings goes in simple cases by straight string concatenation like in$i.... for stronger control, format is comparable to sprintf
• puts, unlike printf(), emits a newline by default.

## Fortran

AM The above proc could look like this in Fortran (90):

subroutine countdown( n )
integer :: n
integer :: i
do i = n,1,-1
write(*,*) i, '...'
enddo
endsubroutine 

The main difference with either C or Tcl is that in Fortran the do-loop is very different kind of control construct: it is really an iteration over a predefined set of values, whereas in C and Tcl the three parts gouverning the iteration can be almost anything. (The Fortran control variable can be an integer only).

## Scheme

(define foo 42)                 | set foo 42
(define (square x) (* x x))     | proc square x {expr $x *$x}
(define bar (square foo))       | set bar [square $foo] (define grill '(square foo)) | set grill {square$foo}
• Functions are also defined with the proc command. Their result is the last executed command in the body
• Arithmetics is not done with prefix functions, but Infix-style like in C, in the argument(s) to the expr command
• set is used for variables, proc for functions - no unified define in Tcl (except if you write one - see the Scheme page ;-)
• Tcl commands on toplevel are not enclosed in parens. Embedded commands like the first call to square go into brackets for eager evaluation; the equivalent to quoting is curly braces around a string
(define (abs x)                 | proc abs x {
(cond ((> x 0) x)             |    expr { $x > 0?$x :
((= x 0) 0)             |           $x == 0? 0 : ((< x 0) (- x)))) |$x < 0?  -$x} | } | or: proc abs x {expr abs($x)}
| or: proc abs x {expr {$x<0? -$x: $x}} • expr can, with the ?: operator, operate like cond • It also has built-in math functions that can be exported in a one-liner as shown (Importing expr functions) • Tcl needs less parens (which often amount to braces or brackets) (define (abs x) | proc abs x { (if (< x 0) | if {$x < 0} {
(- x)                      |        expr -$x x)) | } else {return$x}
| }
• If,for,while take a test expression in infix notation, as used for expr
• The branches of an if must be commands - in place of the return x one might write set x

## LaTeX

\IfFileExists{foobar}{             |  if {[file exists foobar]} {
\[email protected]=\cnt                 |     set [email protected] $cnt \input foobar | source foobar \cnt=\numexpr\[email protected]+1\relax | set cnt [expr {${[email protected]} + 1}]
}{\errmessage{No file foobar}}     |  } else {error {No file foobar}}}
• Tcl and (La)TeX both have braces as the chief delimiter — one has to do a bit of work to construct a block of code where they are not balanced — and may use them around data just as well as around blocks of code, but in Tcl you must leave whitespace between a closing "}" and a following "{", whereas in (La)TeX people normally don't, although you may leave whitespace there.
• Tcl and (La)TeX both admit, even reward, a functional style of programming: on the Tcl side commands return values which can be used as arguments for other commands, whereas on the (La)TeX side a macro expands to text which can contain other macros. In both cases, assignments have to be requested explicitly and take the form of separate commands.

Some differences:

Tcl (La)TeX
Tcl has explicit separators: newlines or semicolons between commands, whitespace between words, etc. Only some forms of variable and backslash substitution exhibit greedy parsing. Parser is greedy and considers a syntactic entity to consist of everything up to the first token that cannot be part of it (this is a common source of strange errors and also the reason for most uses of \relax). LaTeX often replaces greedy TeX constructions by self-delimited constructions (e.g. \frac instead of \over), but sometimes the underlying greediness shines through.
Commands and variables are different things. Variables are mostly a kind of command: macros defined to expand to the values they store. There are some families of registers which are purely variables, but even these are typically accessed via (and often informally identified with) particular commands.
Substitution is a one-step process; one needs an explicit subst, eval, or the like to do more than one round of substitution Substitution is unbounded; the parser typically expands the next token repeatedly until an unexpandable token is found.
Contexts are tied to command invocations: a proc-local context comes into existence when the proc is called and ceases to exist when the proc returns, a namespace context is placed onto the stack by e.g. a namespace eval command and is removed when that command returns. upvar and uplevel give access to contexts other than the current. Contexts (groups) are generally independent of command expansion, although each environment (\begin{somehting}\end{something}) also begins and ends a group. It is not possible to access saved values. In order to export a value from a group one must either make a global assignment or operate on tokens past the end-of-group.
Recursion should be used with restraint; recursion depth is often limited unless you use tailcall. Imperative repetition constructions are preferable. Tail-end recursion is the main approach to achieve repetition.

See also BOOK Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook, http://www.merd.net/pixel/language-study/scripting-language/ and CL's ill-maintained personal notes on language comparison [1 ].

WJG - 2014-12-21 18:14:35

The Rosetta Code website contains a whole bag of such code comparisions. The programming task index page is found here

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