if 0 {
MiHa 2015-06-13: HelloWorld-programs are supposed to be the most simple, working programs of a given language.
But I want to extend such a HelloWorld-program to a one-page - reference-card,
where all the essential features of the language are shown.
Several short programs would be ok, too.
If possible, while doing something useful (and/or funny).
Tcl by itself (without Tk) is quite simple , so an amount of code to fill about one printed page should be enough.
(The layout may need to be tweaked, e.g. printing front and back, landscape, and in 2-4 columns:)
Basic Tcl Commands to cover:
Advanced features (to include if space permits):
...
More features, to be left out, for a later lesson (too advanced, or too rarely needed for an introduction):
...
Things to be aware of:
Maybe there already are some programs here in the wiki that would qualify for such a refcard-program...
}
# HelloWorld001.tcl - 2015-06-13 - http://wiki.tcl.tk/41268 # Output a string to terminal: puts "Hello, World!" ### END ###
# HelloWorld002 - 2015-06-25
# http://ideone.com/ZWCbmF
# Assign value to variables, and output:
set a "The answer is" ;# assign a constant text
set x 42 ;# assign a constant number
set n $x ;# assign contents of a variable
puts $a
puts $x
puts "n = $n"
incr n ;# add 1 to a numeric variable
incr n 2 ;# add 2 to a numeric variable
catch { incr a } ;# try a command, catch and ignore errors
if { [ catch {incr a} ] } { ;# catch error, and do something:
puts "!! Cannot increment variable containing a string: '$a' !!"
#exit 1 ;# exit program with an errorcode
}
puts "$a now $n"
# END #Output 2
The answer is 42 n = 42 !! Cannot increment variable containing a string: 'The answer is' !! The answer is now 45
# HelloWorld003.tcl - MiHa - 2015-06-13
# http://wiki.tcl.tk/41268 / http://ideone.com/xl0IBI
# Query the time (cs as a number, td and hh as a string),
# output depending on the value of the hour:
set cs [clock seconds] ;# seconds since 1970-01-01
set td [clock format $cs -format "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S" ] ;# timedate
set hh [clock format $cs -format %H ] ;# hours (00-23)
puts "cs=$cs td='$td' hh=$hh"
if { $hh < "12" } {
puts -nonewline "Good morning, "
} else {
puts -nonewline "Hello, "
}
puts "World!"
# END #Output 3
cs=1434926575 td='2015-06-21 22:42:55' hh=22 Hello, World!
# HelloWorld004.tcl - MiHa - 2015-06-21
# http://wiki.tcl.tk/41268 / http://ideone.com/Llp8Os
# Query the hour from the clock,
# output text depending on the value of the hour:
set cs [clock seconds] ;# seconds since 1970-01-01
set hh [clock format $cs -format %H ] ;# hours (00-23)
puts "cs=$cs hh=$hh"
if { $hh < "12" } {
puts -nonewline "Good morning, "
} elseif { $hh > "18" } {
puts -nonewline "Good evening, "
} else {
puts -nonewline "Hello, "
}
puts "World!"
# END #Output 4
cs=973531773 hh=17 Hello, World!
and
cs=1434927642 hh=23 Good evening, World!
# HelloWorld005 - 2015-06-23
# http://ideone.com/OJoort
# Comparing strings:
set hh "20"
set tx "Hello"
if { $hh < "12" } { set tx "Good Morning" }
if { $hh > "18" } { set tx "Good Evening" }
puts "It is $hh:00 --> $tx, World !"
#.Output 5
It is 20:00 --> Good Evening, World !
# HelloWorld006 - 2015-06-23
# http://ideone.com/GBiMab
# Comparing strings, proc as function
proc greeting {hh} {
set gr "Hello"
if { $hh < "12" } { set gr "Good Morning" }
if { $hh == "12" } { set gr "Happy Lunchtime" }
if { $hh > "18" } { set gr "Good Evening" }
return $gr
}
set hh "12"
set tx [greeting $hh]
puts "It is $hh:00 --> $tx, World !"
#.Output 6
It is 12:00 --> Happy Lunchtime, World !
# HelloWorld007 - 2015-06-23
# http://ideone.com/mcV6YL
# Comparing strings, proc as function, input in while-loop
proc greeting {hh} {
# This proc returns a result as soon as a match is found:
set gr "Hello"
if { $hh < "12" } { return "Good Morning" }
if { $hh == "12" } { return "Happy Lunchtime" }
if { $hh > "24" } { return "Goodbye" }
if { $hh > "18" } { return "Good Evening" }
return $gr
}
set hour "99" ;# start with any value that keeps the loop going
while { $hour > "0" } {
puts -nonewline "Enter hour, 0 to quit: "
set hour [gets stdin]
puts $hour
puts "It is $hour:00 --> [greeting $hour], World !"
}
puts "Bye!"
#.Output 7
Enter hour, 0 to quit: 1 It is 1:00 --> Good Morning, World ! Enter hour, 0 to quit: 11 It is 11:00 --> Good Morning, World ! Enter hour, 0 to quit: 12 It is 12:00 --> Happy Lunchtime, World ! Enter hour, 0 to quit: 15 It is 15:00 --> Hello, World ! Enter hour, 0 to quit: 17 It is 17:00 --> Hello, World ! Enter hour, 0 to quit: 18 It is 18:00 --> Hello, World ! Enter hour, 0 to quit: 19 It is 19:00 --> Good Evening, World ! Enter hour, 0 to quit: 25 It is 25:00 --> Goodbye, World ! Enter hour, 0 to quit: 0 It is 0:00 --> Good Morning, World ! Bye!
# HelloWorld008 - 2015-06-23
# http://ideone.com/lKo08L
# Comparing strings, proc as function, for-loop, format
proc greeting {hh} {
# This proc returns a result as soon as a match is found:
set gr "Hello"
if { $hh < "12" } { return "Good Morning" }
if { $hh == "12" } { return "Happy Lunchtime" }
if { $hh > "24" } { return "Goodbye" }
if { $hh > "18" } { return "Good Evening" }
return $gr
}
puts "Greeting:"
for {set h 0} {$h<=25} {incr h} {
#set hour $h ;# Tcl converts number to string, as needed
#set hour [format "%2d" $h] ;# format as numeric string with 2 digits
set hour [format "%02d" $h] ;# format as 2 digits with leading 0
puts "at $hour:00 --> [greeting $hour], World !"
}
puts "Done."
#.Output 8
Greeting: at 00:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 01:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 02:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 03:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 04:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 05:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 06:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 07:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 08:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 09:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 10:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 11:00 --> Good Morning, World ! at 12:00 --> Happy Lunchtime, World ! at 13:00 --> Hello, World ! at 14:00 --> Hello, World ! at 15:00 --> Hello, World ! at 16:00 --> Hello, World ! at 17:00 --> Hello, World ! at 18:00 --> Hello, World ! at 19:00 --> Good Evening, World ! at 20:00 --> Good Evening, World ! at 21:00 --> Good Evening, World ! at 22:00 --> Good Evening, World ! at 23:00 --> Good Evening, World ! at 24:00 --> Good Evening, World ! at 25:00 --> Goodbye, World ! Done.
# HelloWorld009.tcl - 2015-06-23 # http://ideone.com/kgfFX1 # calculations using expr, formatting numbers set x 3.0 set y 7.0 set distance [expr sqrt($x * $x + $y * $y)] set dist2 [format %9.2f $distance] ;# format as float with 2 decimal digits puts "x=$x y=$y distance=$distance ==> $dist2" #.
Output 9
x=3.0 y=7.0 distance=7.615773105863909 ==> 7.62
# HelloWorld010.tcl - 2015-06-23
# http://ideone.com/Pjrz4x
# calculations using expr, formatting numbers/strings as table
proc distance {x y} {
# calculate, return result as number
return [expr sqrt($x * $x + $y * $y)]
}
proc ff {num} {
# format number as float with 4 decimal digits
set f [format %9.4f $num]
return $f
}
proc fs {tx} {
# format text with fixed width, for use as header
return [format %9s $tx]
}
proc showDistance {x y} {
# calculate, format numbers, output / return nothing
set distance [format %9.4f [expr sqrt($x * $x + $y * $y)]]
puts "x=[ff $x] y=[ff $y] distance=$distance"
}
showDistance 1.0 1.0
set x 2.0; set y 5.0;
showDistance $x $y
set x 5.0; set y 12.0; showDistance $x $y
puts "\nTable:" ;# newline
puts "[fs x] [fs y] [fs distance]"
puts "[fs =] [fs =] [fs ========]"
for {set x 0.0} {$x<=11.0} {set x [expr $x+2.5]} {
for {set y 11.5} {$y<13.0} {set y [expr $y+0.5]} {
#puts "$x $y"
puts "[ff $x] [ff $y ] [ff [distance $x $y ] ]"
}
puts ""
}
puts "Done."
#.Output 10
x= 1.0000 y= 1.0000 distance= 1.4142
x= 2.0000 y= 5.0000 distance= 5.3852
x= 5.0000 y= 12.0000 distance= 13.0000
Table:
x y distance
= = ========
0.0000 11.5000 11.5000
0.0000 12.0000 12.0000
0.0000 12.5000 12.5000
2.5000 11.5000 11.7686
2.5000 12.0000 12.2577
2.5000 12.5000 12.7475
5.0000 11.5000 12.5399
5.0000 12.0000 13.0000
5.0000 12.5000 13.4629
7.5000 11.5000 13.7295
7.5000 12.0000 14.1510
7.5000 12.5000 14.5774
10.0000 11.5000 15.2398
10.0000 12.0000 15.6205
10.0000 12.5000 16.0078
Done.# HelloWorld011.tcl - 2015-06-24
# http://ideone.com/Ia463h
# foreach, list,lappend,llength,lindex:
set deck {} ;# create empty list
puts "Deck of cards:"
foreach rank { A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K } { ;# Ace 2 .. 10 Jack Queen King
foreach suit { S H D C } { ;# Spades Hearts Diamonds Clubs
set card "$rank$suit"
puts -nonewline " $rank-$suit:$card "
lappend deck $card ;# add card to deck
}
puts ""
}
puts "\nThe list with the deck of cards has [llength $deck] elements:"
for {set i 0; set n 0} {$i < [llength $deck]} {incr i; incr n} {
if { $n >= 8 } { puts ""; set n 0 } ;# newline after 8 cards
if { $n == 4 } { puts -nonewline " " } ;# extra space after 4 cards
set c [lindex $deck $i] ;# get element #i from the list
puts -nonewline "$i: $c "
}
puts "\nDone."
#.Output 11
Deck of cards: A-S:AS A-H:AH A-D:AD A-C:AC 2-S:2S 2-H:2H 2-D:2D 2-C:2C 3-S:3S 3-H:3H 3-D:3D 3-C:3C 4-S:4S 4-H:4H 4-D:4D 4-C:4C 5-S:5S 5-H:5H 5-D:5D 5-C:5C 6-S:6S 6-H:6H 6-D:6D 6-C:6C 7-S:7S 7-H:7H 7-D:7D 7-C:7C 8-S:8S 8-H:8H 8-D:8D 8-C:8C 9-S:9S 9-H:9H 9-D:9D 9-C:9C 10-S:10S 10-H:10H 10-D:10D 10-C:10C J-S:JS J-H:JH J-D:JD J-C:JC Q-S:QS Q-H:QH Q-D:QD Q-C:QC K-S:KS K-H:KH K-D:KD K-C:KC The list with the deck of cards has 52 elements: 0: AS 1: AH 2: AD 3: AC 4: 2S 5: 2H 6: 2D 7: 2C 8: 3S 9: 3H 10: 3D 11: 3C 12: 4S 13: 4H 14: 4D 15: 4C 16: 5S 17: 5H 18: 5D 19: 5C 20: 6S 21: 6H 22: 6D 23: 6C 24: 7S 25: 7H 26: 7D 27: 7C 28: 8S 29: 8H 30: 8D 31: 8C 32: 9S 33: 9H 34: 9D 35: 9C 36: 10S 37: 10H 38: 10D 39: 10C 40: JS 41: JH 42: JD 43: JC 44: QS 45: QH 46: QD 47: QC 48: KS 49: KH 50: KD 51: KC Done.
# HelloWorld012.tcl - 2015-06-24
# http://ideone.com/uKSgZR
# foreach, unicode-chars, append, lappend, array,parray
set deckStr "" ;# create empty string
set deckList {} ;# create empty list
array set deckArray {} ;# create empty array
puts "Deck of cards:"
set i 0
# see also: http://wiki.tcl.tk/26403 : [HTML character entity references]
# Spades Hearts Diamonds Clubs
foreach {suit sym} { S \u2660 H \u2665 D \u2666 C \u2663 } {
foreach rank { A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K } { ;# Ace 2 .. 10 Jack Queen King
incr i
set card "$rank$sym"
puts -nonewline " $rank$suit=$card "
append deckStr $card ;# add card to string
lappend deckList $card ;# add card to list
set deckArray($i) $card ;# add card to array
}
puts ""
}
set maxCard $i
puts "\ndeckStr : $deckStr" ;# note: no spaces between
puts "S) card #3 : [string range $deckStr 4 5]" ;# 0-1 2-3 4-5 ...
puts "\ndeckList : $deckList"
puts "L) card #3 : [lindex $deckList 2]" ;# index is zero-based
puts "\nparray:"
parray deckArray ;# show all elements, unsorted
puts "A) card #3 = $deckArray(3)"
puts "\nDone."
#.Output 12
Deck of cards: AS=A♠ 2S=2♠ 3S=3♠ 4S=4♠ 5S=5♠ 6S=6♠ 7S=7♠ 8S=8♠ 9S=9♠ 10S=10♠ JS=J♠ QS=Q♠ KS=K♠ AH=A♥ 2H=2♥ 3H=3♥ 4H=4♥ 5H=5♥ 6H=6♥ 7H=7♥ 8H=8♥ 9H=9♥ 10H=10♥ JH=J♥ QH=Q♥ KH=K♥ AD=A♦ 2D=2♦ 3D=3♦ 4D=4♦ 5D=5♦ 6D=6♦ 7D=7♦ 8D=8♦ 9D=9♦ 10D=10♦ JD=J♦ QD=Q♦ KD=K♦ AC=A♣ 2C=2♣ 3C=3♣ 4C=4♣ 5C=5♣ 6C=6♣ 7C=7♣ 8C=8♣ 9C=9♣ 10C=10♣ JC=J♣ QC=Q♣ KC=K♣ deckStr : A♠2♠3♠4♠5♠6♠7♠8♠9♠10♠J♠Q♠K♠A♥2♥3♥4♥5♥6♥7♥8♥9♥10♥J♥Q♥K♥A♦2♦3♦4♦5♦6♦7♦8♦9♦10♦J♦Q♦K♦A♣2♣3♣4♣5♣6♣7♣8♣9♣10♣J♣Q♣K♣ S) card #3 : 3♠ deckList : A♠ 2♠ 3♠ 4♠ 5♠ 6♠ 7♠ 8♠ 9♠ 10♠ J♠ Q♠ K♠ A♥ 2♥ 3♥ 4♥ 5♥ 6♥ 7♥ 8♥ 9♥ 10♥ J♥ Q♥ K♥ A♦ 2♦ 3♦ 4♦ 5♦ 6♦ 7♦ 8♦ 9♦ 10♦ J♦ Q♦ K♦ A♣ 2♣ 3♣ 4♣ 5♣ 6♣ 7♣ 8♣ 9♣ 10♣ J♣ Q♣ K♣ L) card #3 : 3♠ parray: deckArray(1) = A♠ deckArray(10) = 10♠ deckArray(11) = J♠ deckArray(12) = Q♠ deckArray(13) = K♠ .. deckArray(48) = 9♣ deckArray(49) = 10♣ deckArray(5) = 5♠ deckArray(50) = J♣ deckArray(51) = Q♣ deckArray(52) = K♣ deckArray(6) = 6♠ deckArray(7) = 7♠ deckArray(8) = 8♠ deckArray(9) = 9♠ A) card #3 = 3♠ Done.
# HelloWorld013.tcl - 2015-06-24 # http://ideone.com/1t0KK7 #.
Output 13
xx
Some ideas:
...
**Program 1x - xx**
# HelloWorld01x.tcl - 2015-06-24 #.
'''Output 1x'''
xx
This is the Alpha-version, there will be bugs, so use with caution
...
See also: