proc lsort_ {args} {
    puts [argparse -inline {
        {-ascii      -key sort -value ascii}
        {-dictionary -key sort -value dictionary}
        {-integer    -key sort -value integer}
        {-real       -key sort -value real}
        {-command=   -forbid {ascii dictionary integer real}}
        {-increasing -key order -value increasing}
        {-decreasing -key order -value decreasing}
        -indices
        -index=
        -stride=
        -nocase
        -unique
        list
    }]
}

proc lsearch_ {args} {
    puts [argparse -inline {
        {-exact      -key match -value exact}
        {-glob       -key match -value glob}
        {-regexp     -key match -value regexp}
        {-sorted     -forbid {glob regexp}}
        -all
        -inline
        -not
        -start=
        {-ascii      -key format -value text}
        {-dictionary -key format -value dictionary}
        {-integer    -key format -value integer}
        {-nocase     -key format -value nocase}
        {-real       -key format -value real}
        {-decreasing -key order -value decreasing -require sorted}
        {-increasing -key order -value increasing -require sorted}
        {-bisect     -imply -sorted -forbid {all not}}
        -index=
        {-subindices -require index}
        list
        pattern
    }]
}

proc dummy {args} {
    puts [argparse -inline {a? b c* d e?}]
}

lsort_ -increasing -real {2.0 1.0}
lsearch_ -inline -start 1 -exact -bisect {a b c} b
dummy 1 2
dummy 1 2 3
dummy 1 2 3 4
dummy 1 2 3 4 5
dummy 1 2 3 4 5 6

order increasing sort real list {2.0 1.0}
inline {} start 1 match exact bisect {} sorted {} list {a b c} pattern b
b 1 d 2 c {}
a 1 b 2 d 3 c {}
a 1 b 2 d 3 e 4 c {}
a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e 5
a 1 b 2 c {3 4} d 5 e 6

# argparse --
# Parses an argument list according to a definition list.  The result may be
# stored into caller variables or returned as a dict.
#
# The [argparse] command accepts the following switches:
#
# -inline        Return the result dict rather than setting caller variables
# -exact         Require exact switch name matches, and do not accept prefixes
# -mixed         Allow switches to appear after parameters
# -long          Recognize "--switch" long option alternative syntax
# -equalarg      Recognize "-switch=arg" inline argument alternative syntax
# -normalize     Normalize switch syntax in pass-through result keys
# -reciprocal    Every element's -require constraints are reciprocal
# -level LEVEL   Every -upvar element's [upvar] level; defaults to 1
# -template TMP  Transform default element names using a substitution template
# -pass KEY      Pass unrecognized elements through to a result key
# --             Force next argument to be interpreted as the definition list
#
# After the above switches comes the definition list argument, then finally the
# optional argument list argument.  If the argument list is omitted, it is taken
# from the caller's args variable.
#
# Each element of the definition list is itself a list containing a unique,
# non-empty name element consisting of alphanumerics, underscores, and minus
# (not as the first character), then zero or more of the following switches:
#
# -switch        Element is a switch; conflicts with -parameter
# -parameter     Element is a parameter; conflicts with -switch
# -alias ALIAS   Alias name; requires -switch
# -ignore        Element is omitted from result; conflicts with -key and -pass
# -key KEY       Override key name; not affected by -template
# -pass KEY      Pass through to result key; not affected by -template
# -default VAL   Value if omitted; conflicts with -required
# -value VAL     Value if present; requires -switch; conflicts with -argument
# -argument      Value is next argument following switch; requires -switch
# -optional      Switch value is optional, or parameter is optional
# -required      Switch is required, or stop -catchall from implying -optional
# -catchall      Value is list of all otherwise unassigned arguments
# -upvar         Links caller variable; conflicts with -inline and -catchall
# -level LEVEL   This element's [upvar] level; requires -upvar
# -standalone    If element is present, ignore -required, -require, and -forbid
# -require LIST  If element is present, other elements that must be present
# -forbid LIST   If element is present, other elements that must not be present
# -imply LIST    If element is present, extra switch arguments; requires -switch
# -reciprocal    This element's -require constraints are reciprocal
#
# If neither -switch nor -parameter are used, a shorthand form is permitted.  If
# the name is preceded by "-", it is a switch; otherwise, it is a parameter.  An
# alias may be written after "-", then followed by "|" and the switch name.  The
# element name may be followed by any number of flag characters:
#
# "="            Same as -argument; only valid for switches
# "?"            Same as -optional
# "!"            Same as -required
# "*"            Same as -catchall
# "^"            Same as -upvar
#
# -default specifies the value to assign to element keys when the element is
# omitted.  If -default is not used, keys for omitted switches and parameters
# are omitted from the result, unless -catchall is used, in which case the
# default value for -default is empty string.
#
# -optional, -required, and -catchall imply -argument when used with -switch.
#
# At most one parameter may use -catchall.
#
# If multiple elements share the same -key value, they automatically are given
# -forbid constraints to prevent them from being used simultaneously.
#
# -value specifies the value to assign to switch keys when the switch is
# present.  -value defaults to empty string.  -value may not be used with
# -argument, -optional, -required, or -catchall.
#
# If -argument is used, the value assigned to the switch's key is normally the
# next argument following the switch.  With -catchall, the value assigned to the
# switch's key is instead the list of all remaining arguments.  With -optional,
# the following processing is applied:
#
# - If the switch is not present, the switch's key is omitted from the result,
#   unless -default is used, in which case its value is specified by -default.
# - If the switch appears before the final argument, its value is a two-element
#   list containing empty string followed by the argument after the switch.
# - If the switch appears as the final argument, the value of the switch's key
#   is empty string.
#
# By default, switches are optional and parameters are required.  Switches can
# be made required with -required, and parameters can be made optional with
# -optional.  -catchall also makes parameters optional, unless -required is
# used, in which case at least one argument must be assigned to the parameter.
# Otherwise, using -required with -parameter has no effect.  -switch -optional
# -catchall and -parameter -optional -required are disallowed combinations.
# -switch -optional -required means the switch must be present but may be the
# final argument.
#
# Unambiguous prefixes of switch names are acceptable, unless the -exact switch
# is used.  Switches in the argument list normally begin with a single "-" but
# can also begin with "--" if the -long switch is used.  Arguments to switches
# normally appear as the list element following the switch, but if -equalarg is
# used, they may be supplied within the switch element itself, delimited with an
# "=" character, e.g. "-switch=arg".
#
# The per-element -pass switch causes the element argument or arguments to be
# appended to the value of the indicated pass-through result key.  Many elements
# may use the same pass-through key.  If -normalize is used, switch arguments
# are normalized to not use aliases, abbreviations, the "--" prefix, or the "="
# argument delimiter; otherwise, switches will be expressed the same way they
# appear in the original input.  If -mixed is used, pass-through keys will list
# all switches first before listing any parameters.  If no arguments are
# assigned to a pass-through key, its value will be empty string.
#
# The [argparse] -pass switch may be used to collect unrecognized arguments into
# a pass-through key, rather than failing with an error.  Normalization and
# unmixing will not be applied to these arguments because it is not possible to
# reliably determine if they are switches or parameters; in particular, it is
# not known if an undefined switch expects an argument.
#
# [argparse] produces a set of keys and values.  The keys are the names of
# caller variables into which the values are stored, unless -inline is used, in
# which case the key-value pairs are returned as a dict.  The element names
# default to the key names, unless overridden by -key, -pass, or -template.  If
# both -key and -pass are used, two keys are defined: one having the element
# value, the other having the pass-through elements.
#
# -template applies to elements using neither -key nor -pass.  Its value is a
# substitution template applied to element names to determine key names.  "%" in
# the template is replaced with the element name.  To protect "%" or "\" from
# replacement, precede it with "\".  One use for -template is to put the result
# in an array, e.g. with "-template arrayName(%)".
#
# Elements with -upvar are special.  Rather than having normal values, they are
# bound to caller variables using the [upvar] command.  -upvar conflicts with
# -inline because it is not possible to map a dict value to a variable.  Due to
# limitations of arrays and [upvar], -upvar cannot be used with keys whose names
# resemble array elements.  -upvar conflicts with -catchall because the value
# must be a variable name, not a list.  The combination -upvar -switch -optional
# is disallowed for the same reason.  If -upvar is used with switches or with
# optional parameters, [info exists KEY] returns 1 both when the element is not
# present and when its value is the name of a nonexistent variable.  To tell the
# difference, check if [info vars KEY] returns an empty list; if so, the element
# is not present.  Note that the argument to [info vars] is a [string match]
# pattern, so it may be necessary to precede *?[]\ characters with backslashes.
#
# Argument processing is performed in three stages: switch processing, parameter
# allocation, and parameter assignment.  All aspects of argument processing are
# performed left-to-right, through in multiple stages adn passes.
#
# All switches must normally appear in the argument list before any parameters.
# Switch processing terminates with the first argument (besides arguments to
# switches) that does not start with "-" (or "--", if -long is used).  The
# special switch "--" can be used to force switch termination if the first
# parameter happens to start with "-".  If no switches are defined, the first
# argument is known to be a parameter even if it starts with "-".
#
# When the -mixed switch is used, switch processing continues after encountering
# arguments that do not start with "-" or "--".  This is convenient but may be
# ambiguous in cases where parameters look like switches.  To resolve ambiguity,
# the special "--" switch terminates switch processing and forces all remaining
# arguments to be parameters.
#
# After switch processing, parameter allocation determines how many arguments to
# assign to each parameter.  Arguments assigned to switches are not used in
# parameter processing.  First, arguments are allocated to required parameters;
# second, to optional, non-catchall parameters; and last to catchall parameters.
# Finally, each parameter is assigned the allocated number of arguments.
proc argparse {args} {
    # Process switches and locate the definition argument.
    set level 1
    for {set i 0} {$i < [llength $args]} {incr i} {
        if {[lindex $args $i] eq "--"} {
            # Stop after "--".
            incr i
            break
        } elseif {[catch {
            regsub {^-} [tcl::prefix match -message switch {
                -equalarg -exact -inline -level -long -mixed -normalize -pass
                -reciprocal -template
            } [lindex $args $i]] {} switch
        }]} {
            # Stop at the first non-switch argument.
            break
        } elseif {$switch ni {level pass template}} {
            # Process switches with no arguments.
            set $switch {}
        } elseif {$i == [llength $args] - 1} {
            return -code error "-$switch requires an argument"
        } else {
            # Process switches with arguments.
            set $switch [lindex $args [incr i]]
        }
    }

    # Extract the definition and args parameters from the argument list, pulling
    # from the caller's args variable if the args parameter is omitted.
    switch [expr {[llength $args] - $i}] {
    0 {
        return -code error "missing required parameter: definition"
    } 1 {
        set definition [lindex $args end]
        set argv [uplevel 1 {set args}]
    } 2 {
        set definition [lindex $args end-1]
        set argv [lindex $args end]
    } default {
        return -code error "too many arguments"
    }}

    # Parse element definition list.
    set def {}
    set aliases {}
    set order {}
    set switches {}
    set upvars {}
    foreach elem $definition {
        # Read element definition switches.
        set opt {}
        for {set i 1} {$i < [llength $elem]} {incr i} {
            if {[set switch [regsub {^-} [tcl::prefix match {
                -alias -argument -catchall -default -forbid -ignore -imply -key
                -level -optional -parameter -pass -reciprocal -require -required
                -standalone -switch -upvar -value
            } [lindex $elem $i]] {}]] ni {
                alias default forbid imply key pass require value
            }} {
                # Process switches without arguments.
                dict set opt $switch {}
            } elseif {$i == [llength $elem] - 1} {
                return -code error "-$switch requires an argument"
            } else {
                # Process switches with arguments.
                incr i
                dict set opt $switch [lindex $elem $i]
            }
        }

        # Process the first element of the element definition.
        if {![llength $elem]} {
            return -code error "element definition cannot be empty"
        } elseif {[dict exists $opt switch] && [dict exists $opt parameter]} {
            return -code error "-switch and -parameter conflict"
        } elseif {![dict exists $opt switch] && ![dict exists $opt parameter]} {
            # If -switch and -parameter are not used, parse shorthand syntax.
            if {![regexp -expanded {
                ^(?:(-)             # Leading switch "-"
                (?:(\w[\w-]*)\|)?)? # Optional switch alias
                (\w[\w-]*)          # Switch or parameter name
                ([=?!*^]*)$         # Optional flags
            } [lindex $elem 0] _ minus alias name flags]} {
                return -code error "bad element shorthand: [lindex $elem 0]"
            }
            if {$minus ne {}} {
                dict set opt switch {}
            } else {
                dict set opt parameter {}
            }
            if {$alias ne {}} {
                dict set opt alias $alias
            }
            foreach flag [split $flags {}] {
                dict set opt [dict get {
                    = argument ? optional ! required * catchall ^ upvar
                } $flag] {}
            }
        } elseif {![regexp {^\w[\w-]*$} [lindex $elem 0]]} {
            return -code error "bad element name: [lindex $elem 0]"
        } else {
            # If exactly one of -switch or -parameter is used, the first element
            # of the definition is the element name, with no processing applied.
            set name [lindex $elem 0]
        }

        if {[dict exists $opt switch]} {
            # For switches, -optional, -required, and -catchall imply -argument.
            foreach switch {optional required catchall} {
                if {[dict exists $opt $switch]} {
                    dict set opt argument {}
                }
            }
        } else {
            # Parameters are required unless -catchall or -optional are used.
            if {[dict exists $opt catchall] || [dict exists $opt optional]} {
                dict set opt optional {}
            } else {
                dict set opt required {}
            }
        }

        # Check requirements and conflicts.
        foreach {switch others} {
            parameter {alias value argument imply}
            ignore    {key pass}
            required  default
            argument  value
            upvar     {inline catchall}
        } {
            if {[dict exists $opt $switch]} {
                foreach other $others {
                    if {[dict exists $opt $other]} {
                        return -code error "-$switch and -$other conflict"
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if {[dict exists $opt upvar] && [info exists inline]} {
            return -code error "-upvar and -inline conflict"
        }
        if {[dict exists $opt level] && ![dict exists $opt upvar]} {
            return -code error "-level requires -upvar"
        }

        # Check for disallowed combinations.
        foreach combination {
            {switch optional catchall}
            {switch optional upvar}
            {parameter optional required}
        } {
            foreach switch [list {*}$combination {}] {
                if {$switch eq {}} {
                    return -code error "[join [lmap switch $combination {
                        string cat - $switch
                    }]] is a disallowed combination"
                } elseif {![dict exists $opt $switch]} {
                    break
                }
            }
        }

        # Check for collisions.
        if {[dict exists $def $name]} {
            return -code error "element name collision: $name"
        }

        # Compute default output key if -ignore, -key, and -pass aren't used.
        if {![dict exists $opt ignore] && ![dict exists $opt key]
         && ![dict exists $opt pass]} {
            if {[info exists template]} {
                dict set opt key [string map\
                        [list \\\\ \\ \\% % % $name] $template]
            } else {
                dict set opt key $name
            }
        }

        if {[dict exists $opt parameter]} {
            # Keep track of parameter order.
            lappend order $name

            # Forbid more than one catchall parameter.
            if {[dict exists $opt catchall]} {
                if {[info exists catchall]} {
                    return -code error "multiple catchall parameters:\
                            $catchall and $name"
                } else {
                    set catchall $name
                }
            }
        } elseif {![dict exists $opt alias]} {
            # Build list of switches.
            lappend switches -$name
        } elseif {![regexp {^\w[\w-]*$} [dict get $opt alias]]} {
            return -code error "bad alias: [dict get $opt alias]"
        } elseif {[dict exists $aliases [dict get $opt alias]]} {
            return -code error "element alias collision: [dict get $opt alias]"
        } else {
            # Build list of switches (with aliases), and link switch aliases.
            dict set aliases [dict get $opt alias] $name
            lappend switches -[dict get $opt alias]|$name
        }

        # Map from upvar keys back to element names, and forbid collisions.
        if {[dict exists $opt upvar] && [dict exists $opt key]} {
            if {[dict exists $upvars [dict get $opt key]]} {
                return -code error "multiple upvars to the same variable:\
                        [dict get $upvars [dict get $opt key]] $name"
            }
            dict set upvars [dict get $opt key] $name
        }

        # Save element definition.
        dict set def $name $opt
    }

    # Process constraints.
    dict for {name opt} $def {
        # Verify constraint references.
        foreach constraint {require forbid} {
            if {[dict exists $opt $constraint]} {
                foreach otherName [dict get $opt $constraint] {
                    if {![dict exists $def $otherName]} {
                        return -code error "$name -$constraint references\
                                undefined element: $otherName"
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        # Create reciprocal requirements.
        if {([info exists reciprocal] || [dict exists $opt reciprocal])
          && [dict exists $opt require]} {
            foreach other [dict get $opt require] {
                dict update def $other otherOpt {
                    dict lappend otherOpt require $name
                }
            }
        }

        # Create forbid constraints on shared keys.
        if {[dict exists $opt key]} {
            dict for {otherName otherOpt} $def {
                if {$name ne $otherName && [dict exists $otherOpt key]
                 && [dict get $otherOpt key] eq [dict get $opt key]
                 && (![dict exists $otherOpt forbid]
                  || $name ni [dict get $otherOpt forbid])} {
                    dict update def $otherName otherOpt {
                        dict lappend otherOpt forbid $name
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    # Handle default pass-through switch by creating a dummy element.
    if {[info exists pass]} {
        dict set def {} pass $pass
    }

    # Perform switch logic before doing anything with parameters.
    set result {}
    set missing {}
    if {[llength $switches]} {
        # Build regular expression to match switches.
        set re ^-
        if {[info exists long]} {
            append re -?
        }
        append re {(\w[\w-]*)}
        if {[info exists equalarg]} {
            append re (?:(=)(.*))?
        } else {
            append re ()()
        }
        append re $

        # Process switches, and build the list of parameter arguments.
        set params {}
        while {[llength $argv]} {
            # Check if this argument appears to be a switch.
            set argv [lassign $argv arg]
            if {[regexp $re $arg _ name equal val]} {
                # This appears to be a switch.  Fall through to the handler.
            } elseif {$arg eq "--"} {
                # If this is the special "--" switch to end all switches, all
                # remaining arguments are parameters.
                set params $argv
                break
            } elseif {[info exists mixed]} {
                # If -mixed is used and this is not a switch, it is a parameter.
                # Add it to the parameter list, then go to the next argument.
                lappend params $arg
                continue
            } else {
                # If this is not a switch, terminate switch processing, and
                # process this and all remaining arguments as parameters.
                set params [linsert $argv 0 $arg]
                break
            }

            # Process switch aliases.
            if {[dict exists $aliases $name]} {
                set name [dict get $aliases $name]
            }

            # Preliminary guess for the normalized switch name.
            set normal -$name

            # Perform switch name lookup.
            if {[dict exists $def $name switch]} {
                # Exact match.  No additional lookup needed.
            } elseif {![info exists exact] && ![catch {
                tcl::prefix match -message switch [lmap {key data} $def {
                    if {[dict exists $data switch]} {
                        set key
                    } else {
                        continue
                    }
                }] $name
            } name]} {
                # Use the switch found unambigous prefix matching.
                set normal -$name
            } elseif {[dict exists $def {}]} {
                # Use default pass-through if defined.
                set name {}
            } else {
                # Fail if this is an invalid switch.
                set switches [lsort $switches]
                if {[llength $switches] > 1} {
                    lset switches end "or [lindex $switches end]"
                }
                set switches [join $switches\
                        {*}[if {[llength $switches] > 2} {list ", "}]]
                return -code error "bad switch \"$arg\": must be $switches"
            }

            # If the switch is standalone, ignore all constraints.
            if {[dict exists $def $name standalone]} {
                foreach other [dict keys $def] {
                    dict unset def $other required
                    dict unset def $other require
                    dict unset def $other forbid
                    if {[dict exists $def $other parameter]} {
                        dict set def $other optional {}
                    }
                }
            }

            # Keep track of which elements are present.
            dict set def $name present {}

            # If the switch value was set using -switch=value notation, insert
            # the value into the argument list to be handled below.
            if {$equal eq "="} {
                set argv [linsert $argv 0 $val]
            }

            # Load key and pass into local variables for easy access.
            unset -nocomplain key pass
            foreach var {key pass} {
                if {[dict exists $def $name $var]} {
                    set $var [dict get $def $name $var]
                }
            }

            # Store the switch value into the caller's variable.
            if {[dict exists $def $name catchall]} {
                # The switch is catchall, so store all remaining arguments.
                if {[info exists key]} {
                    dict set result $key $argv
                }
                if {[info exists pass]} {
                    if {[info exists normalize]} {
                        dict lappend result $pass $normal {*}$argv
                    } else {
                        dict lappend result $pass $arg {*}$argv
                    }
                }
                break
            } elseif {![dict exists $def $name argument]} {
                # The switch expects no arguments.
                if {$equal eq "="} {
                    return -code error "$normal doesn't allow an argument"
                }
                if {[info exists key]} {
                    if {[dict exists $def $name value]} {
                        dict set result $key [dict get $def $name value]
                    } else {
                        dict set result $key {}
                    }
                }
                if {[info exists pass]} {
                    if {[info exists normalize]} {
                        dict lappend result $pass $normal
                    } else {
                        dict lappend result $pass $arg
                    }
                }
            } elseif {[llength $argv]} {
                # The switch was given the expected argument.
                if {[info exists key]} {
                    if {[dict exists $def $name optional]} {
                        dict set result $key [list {} [lindex $argv 0]]
                    } else {
                        dict set result $key [lindex $argv 0]
                    }
                }
                if {[info exists pass]} {
                    if {[info exists normalize]} {
                        dict lappend result $pass $normal [lindex $argv 0]
                    } elseif {$equal eq "="} {
                        dict lappend result $pass $arg
                    } else {
                        dict lappend result $pass $arg [lindex $argv 0]
                    }
                }
                set argv [lrange $argv 1 end]
            } else {
                # The switch was not given the expected argument.
                if {![dict exists $def $name optional]} {
                    return -code error "$normal requires an argument"
                }
                if {[info exists key]} {
                    if {[dict exists $def $name default]} {
                        dict set result $key [dict get $def $name default]
                    } else {
                        dict set result $key {}
                    }
                }
                if {[info exists pass]} {
                    if {[info exists normalize]} {
                        dict lappend result $pass $normal
                    } else {
                        dict lappend result $pass $arg
                    }
                }
            }

            # Prepend argument list with this switch's implied arguments.
            if {[dict exists $def $name imply]} {
                set argv [concat [dict get $def $name imply] $argv]
                dict unset def $name imply
            }
        }

        # Build list of missing required switches.
        dict for {name opt} $def {
            if {[dict exists $opt switch] && ![dict exists $opt present]
             && [dict exists $opt required]} {
                if {[dict exists $opt alias]} {
                    lappend missing -[dict get $opt alias]|$name
                } else {
                    lappend missing -$name
                }
            }
        }

        # Fail if at least one required switch is missing.
        if {[llength $missing]} {
            set missing [lsort $missing]
            if {[llength $missing] > 1} {
                lset missing end "and [lindex $missing end]"
            }
            set missing [join $missing\
                    {*}[if {[llength $missing] > 2} {list ", "}]]
            return -code error [string cat "missing required switch"\
                    {*}[if {[llength $missing] > 1} {list es}] ": " $missing]
        }
    } else {
        # If no switches are defined, bypass the switch logic and process all
        # arguments using the parameter logic.
        set params $argv
    }

    # Allocate one argument to each required parameter, including catchalls.
    set alloc {}
    set count [llength $params]
    set i 0
    foreach name $order {
        if {[dict exists $def $name required]} {
            if {$count} {
                dict set alloc $name 1
                incr count -1
            } else {
                lappend missing $name
            }
        }
        incr i
    }

    # Fail if at least one required parameter is missing.
    if {[llength $missing]} {
        if {[llength $missing] > 1} {
            lset missing end "and [lindex $missing end]"
        }
        return -code error [string cat "missing required parameter"\
                {*}[if {[llength $missing] > 1} {list s}] ": "\
                [join $missing {*}[if {[llength $missing] > 2} {list ", "}]]]
    }

    # Try to allocate one argument to each optional, non-catchall parameter,
    # until there are no arguments left.
    if {$count} {
        foreach name $order {
            if {![dict exists $def $name required]
             && ![dict exists $def $name catchall]} {
                dict set alloc $name 1
                if {![incr count -1]} {
                    break
                }
            }
        }
    }

    # Process excess arguments.
    if {$count} {
        if {[info exists catchall]} {
            # Allocate remaining arguments to the catchall parameter.
            dict incr alloc $catchall $count
        } elseif {[dict exists $def {}]} {
            # If there is no catchall parameter, instead allocate to the default
            # pass-through result key.
            lappend order {}
            dict set alloc {} $count
        } else {
            return -code error "too many arguments"
        }
    }

    # Check constraints.
    dict for {name opt} $def {
        if {[dict exists $opt present]} {
            foreach {match condition description} {
                1 require requires 0 forbid "conflicts with"
            } {
                if {[dict exists $opt $condition]} {
                    foreach otherName [dict get $opt $condition] {
                        if {[dict exists $def $otherName present] != $match} {
                            foreach var {name otherName} {
                                if {[dict exists $def [set $var] switch]} {
                                    set $var -[set $var]
                                }
                            }
                            return -code error "$name $description $otherName"
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    # Store parameters in result dict.
    set i 0
    foreach name $order {
        if {[dict exists $alloc $name]} {
            if {![dict exists $def $name catchall] && $name ne {}} {
                set val [lindex $params $i]
                if {[dict exists $def $name pass]} {
                    dict lappend result [dict get $def $name pass] $val
                }
                incr i
            } else {
                set step [dict get $alloc $name]
                set val [lrange $params $i [expr {$i + $step - 1}]]
                if {[dict exists $def $name pass]} {
                    dict lappend result [dict get $def $name pass] {*}$val
                }
                incr i $step
            }
            if {[dict exists $def $name key]} {
                dict set result [dict get $def $name key] $val
            }
        }
    }

    # Create default values for missing elements.
    dict for {name opt} $def {
        if {[dict exists $opt key]
         && ![dict exists $result [dict get $opt key]]} {
            if {[dict exists $opt default]} {
                dict set result [dict get $opt key] [dict get $opt default]
            } elseif {[dict exists $opt catchall]} {
                dict set result [dict get $opt key] {}
            }
        }
        if {[dict exists $opt pass]
         && ![dict exists $result [dict get $opt pass]]} {
            dict set result [dict get $opt pass] {}
        }
    }

    # Return result dict or store into caller variables.
    if {[info exists inline]} {
        return $result
    } else {
        dict for {key val} $result {
            if {![dict exists $upvars $key]} {
                uplevel 1 [list set $key $val]
            } else {
                if {[dict exists $def [dict get $upvars $key] level]} {
                    set thisLevel [dict get $def [dict get $upvars $key] level]
                } else {
                    set thisLevel $level
                }
                uplevel 1 [list upvar $level $val $key]
            }
        }
    }
}