##+##########################################################################
#
# Fractal Mountain
#
# Builds and displays a fractal mountain. Based on code at
# http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.07/07.05/FractalMountains/
# by Keith Vetter
#
# Revisions:
# KPV Nov 07, 2002 - initial revision
# KPV Nov 12, 2002 - added variable water level; better redraw for new depths
#
##+##########################################################################
#############################################################################

package require Tk
proc K {x y} {return [set x]}
if {[catch {package require Tcl 8.4}]} {
    package require Tcl 8.3
    proc lset {_lvar idx value} {               ;# Need lset from 8.4
        upvar 1 $_lvar lvar
        set lvar [lreplace [K $lvar [unset lvar]] $idx $idx $value]
    }
}
interp alias {} = {} expr

set S(version) 1.2
set S(date) "Nov 12, 2002"

# S(v,*) = GUI   S(w,*) = what user wants to see M(d,*) = what's in $map
set S(params) [list depth contour roughness nHeight profile xTilt flood]

set S(v,depth) 3                                ;# Number of iterations
set S(v,contour) 1.00                           ;# The contour of the mountain
set S(v,roughness) 2.75                         ;# How jagged the mountain
set S(v,nHeight) 7                              ;# Max height of mountain
set S(v,profile) 1                              ;# Profile number (1-4)
set S(v,xTilt) 80                               ;# Tilt angle (in degrees)
set S(v,flood) 50

set M(d,depth) -1                               ;# No map yet

set S(maxIter) 9                                ;# Bounds our height
set S(normalHeightBase) 10000                   ;# Normalized height
set S(normalHeightBase) 10000                   ;# Normalized height
set S(water) 0                                  ;# Water level altitude
set S(nocolor) 0
set S(seed) 0

# Unit vector to our light source
set S(lx) [= {-1 / sqrt(3)}]; set S(ly) [= {-$S(lx)}]; set S(lz) [= {-$S(lx)}]

set MIN_INT 0x80000000
set DEG2RAD [= {4*atan(1)*2/360}]

proc LMAP  {a b v} { lset ::map [= {$a + $b*$::M(S)}] $v; return}
proc LMAP  {a b v} { lset ::map [= {$a + $b*$::M(S)}] $v}
proc LMAP1 {a v}   { lset ::map $a $v; return}
proc RMAP  {a b}   { return [lindex $::map [= {$a + $b*$::M(S)}]]}
proc RMAP1 {a}     { return [lindex $::map $a]}

##+##########################################################################
#
# Go - Computes the new mountain and draws it.
#
proc Go {{how 1}} {
    global S M

    set start [clock click -milliseconds]

    clear
    if {$how == 1} {
        set M(d,depth) -1                       ;# Force recalculation
        set S(seed) [clock clicks -milliseconds]
    }
    set S(draw) 1
    ToggleButtons 1

    CalcMountains
    DrawMountains
        set xysc [= {50.0 / (1 << $M(d,depth))}]
        # set zsc [= {.005 / (1 << $M(d,depth))}]
        set zsc .0005
        .gl eval -matrixmode modelview -loadidentity -scale $xysc $xysc $zsc
    set start [= {([clock click -milliseconds] - $start) / 1000}]
    Stop

    set msg "Iterations: $S(w,depth) Contour: $M(d,contour) "
    append msg "Smoothness: $M(d,roughness) Height: $M(d,nHeight) "
    append msg "Profile: $M(d,profile) Tilt: $S(w,xTilt) ([Duration $start])"
    INFO $msg
}
proc Stop {} {
    global S
    set S(draw) 0
    ToggleButtons 0
    ProgressBar 1 0
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# CopyParameters
#
# Copies gui/want/data parameter values to g/w/d as requested
#
proc CopyParameters {from to} {
    global S M

    foreach v [array names S $from,*] {
        foreach {a b} [split $v ,] break
        if {$to == "d"} {
            set M($to,$b) $S($v)
        } else {
            set S($to,$b) $S($v)
        }
    }
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# CalcMountains
#
# Initializes our mountain grid for the profile and then does the
# recursive iterations to build up our fractal. It then normalizes
# all the data to be under a certain height.
#
proc CalcMountains {} {
    global M S

    CopyParameters v w                          ;# Params the user wants to use
    set n [CompareParameters]                   ;# Is data still valid???
    if {$n == 2} {
        INFO "Reusing existing mountain data"
        return
    }

    # Generate each main triangle recursively
    InitMountains $n
    INFO "Calculating the [comma [= {1 + $M(N)}]] points in the display"
    IterCalc 0 $M(D) $M(N) [= {$S(maxIter)+1}]
    IterCalc [= {$M(S) * $M(D)}] $M(N) 0 [= {$S(maxIter)+1}]
    NormalizeMap
    CopyParameters w d                          ;# Parameters for our data

    return
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# CompareParameters: returns TRUE if data is still ok for S(w,*) params
# 0 - total mismatch
# 1 - new depth is greater
# 2 - compatible
#
proc CompareParameters {} {
    global M S

    if {$M(d,depth) == -1} {return 0}           ;# No map data
    foreach v [array names S w,*] {
        if {$v == "w,depth"} continue
        if {$v == "w,xTilt"} continue           ;# Only visual affects
        if {$v == "w,flood"} continue           ;# Only visual affects
        foreach {a b} [split $v ,] break
        if {$M(d,$b) != $S(w,$b)} { return 0}
    }
    if {$S(w,depth) <= $M(d,depth)} { return 2} ;# Less deep, okay
    return 1
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# InitMountains
#
# Creates the initial grid for our mountain.
#
proc InitMountains {up} {
    global map M S MIN_INT

    if {$up} {
        set map2 $map ; set D $M(d,depth) ; set MD $M(D) ; set MS $M(S)
    }

    = {srand($S(seed))}
    set M(D) [= {1 << $S(w,depth)}]
    set M(S) [= {$M(D) + 1}]                    ;# Points along side of triangle
    set M(N) [= {$M(S) * $M(S) - 1}]            ;# Last point in our grid
    set S(normalHeight) [= {$S(normalHeightBase) * $S(w,nHeight)}]

    set map [string repeat " $MIN_INT" [= {1+$M(N)}]] ;# Our mountain

    if {$up} {
        GoDeeper $map2 $D $MD $MS
        return
    }
    # Generate starting profile to build on

    set q [MaxDeviation [= {$S(maxIter)+1}]]
    set q [= {$q / 2}]
    set nq [= {-$q}]
    set d2 [= {$M(D) / 2}]
    if {$S(w,profile) == 1} {                   ;# Back up, front down, corner 0
        LMAP 0 0 $q
        LMAP $M(D) 0 0
        LMAP 0 $M(D) 0
        LMAP $M(D) $M(D) $nq
    } elseif {$S(w,profile) == 2} {             ;# Back up; side/corners 0
        LMAP 0 0 $q
        LMAP $M(D) 0 0
        LMAP 0 $M(D) 0
        LMAP $M(D) $M(D) 0
        if {$d2 > 0} {
            LMAP $d2 $d2 0
            LMAP $d2 $M(D) 0
            LMAP $M(D) $d2 0
        }
    } elseif {$S(w,profile) == 3} {             ;# front down, corners 0
        LMAP 0 0 0
        LMAP $M(D) 0 0
        LMAP 0 $M(D) 0
        LMAP $M(D) $M(D) $nq
    } elseif {$S(w,profile) == 4} {
        LMAP 0 0 0
        LMAP $M(D) 0 0
        LMAP 0 $M(D) 0
        LMAP $M(D) $M(D) 0
        if {$d2 > 0} {
            LMAP $d2 $d2 [= {$q/2}]
            LMAP $d2 0 $q
            LMAP 0 $d2 $q
        }
    } elseif {$S(w,profile) == 5} {
        LMAP 0 0 $q
        LMAP $M(D) 0 0
        LMAP $d2 0 [= {$q / 2}]
        LMAP 0 $M(D) 0
        LMAP $M(D) $M(D) $nq
    } else {
        error "profile out of range (1-4): $S(w,profile)"
    }
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# GoDeeper - Transfers all elevation info from old map at level D
# into the current map. IterCalc still needs to be called to fill
# in the rest of the slots.
#
proc GoDeeper {map2 D MD MS} {
    global map S M

    set step [= {1 << ($S(w,depth) - $D)}]

    set idx -1
    for {set y 0} {$y < $M(S)} {incr y $step} {
        for {set x 0} {$x < $M(S)} {incr x $step} {
            LMAP $x $y [lindex $map2 [incr idx]]
        }
    }
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# MaxDeviation
#
# Returns the maximum deviation allowed for a given recursion depth.
# The function is strictly decreasing monotonic as depth increases.
#
proc MaxDeviation {ic} {
    global S

    if {$S(w,roughness) == 0} { return 100000 }
    return [= {int(8.0 * pow ($S(w,roughness), $ic-1))}]
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# NormalizeMap
#
# Scales all heights to be w/i normalHeight and applies contour transformation.
#
proc NormalizeMap {} {
    global map S M MIN_INT

    set max [lindex $map 0]                     ;# Get max height
    foreach v $map {
        if {$v > $max} { set max $v}
    }

    if {$max <= 0} {set max 10000}              ;# All water, avoid divide by 0
    set z [= {pow($max, $S(w,contour))}]
    set z [= {$S(normalHeight) / $z}]

    set map2 {}
    set min [set max 0]
    foreach k $map {
        if {$k >= 0} {
            set i [= {pow($k, $S(w,contour)) * $z}]
            set val [= {int($i)}]
            if {$val > $max} {set max $val}
        } else {
            set i [= {pow(-$k, $S(w,contour)) * $z}]
            set val [= {int(-$i)}]
            if {$val < $min} {set min $val}
        }
        lappend map2 $val
    }
    set map $map2
    set M(min) $min
    set M(max) $max

    return
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# IterCalc
#
# Given three points of a triangle it calculates the midpoints of each
# side and recurses. Parameter c is the depth.
#
proc IterCalc {s1 s2 a c} {
    global map MIN_INT

    incr c -1                                   ;# Decrement iteration count
    set ns1 [= {($s1 + $a)  / 2}]               ;# Midpoints of sub-triangle
    set ns2 [= {($s2 + $a)  / 2}]
    set na  [= {($s1 + $s2) / 2}]

    set vs1 [RMAP1 $s1]
    set vs2 [RMAP1 $s2]
    set va  [RMAP1 $a]

    if {[RMAP1 $ns1] == $MIN_INT} {
        LMAP1 $ns1 [= {($vs1 + $va) / 2}]
        DeviatePoint $ns1 $c
    }
    if {[RMAP1 $ns2] == $MIN_INT} {
        LMAP1 $ns2 [= {($vs2 + $va) / 2}]
        DeviatePoint $ns2 $c
    }
    if {[RMAP1 $na] == $MIN_INT} {
        LMAP1 $na [= {($vs1 + $vs2) / 2}]
        DeviatePoint $na $c
    }

    # Recurse on sub-triangles if we haven't bottomed out
    if {$ns1 + 1 >= $ns2} return
    IterCalc $s1 $na $ns1 $c
    IterCalc $na $s2 $ns2 $c
    IterCalc $ns1 $ns2 $na $c
    IterCalc $ns1 $ns2 $a $c
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# DeviatePoint
#
#  Deviates a point up or down by a random amount between
# -MaxDeviation to +MaxDeviation.
#
proc DeviatePoint {o ic} {
    global map S
    if {$S(w,roughness) < 0} return
    set v [MaxDeviation $ic]
    set r [Rand [= {-$v}] $v]
    LMAP1 $o [= {[RMAP1 $o] + $r}]
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# Rand
#
# Returns a random number between first and last.
#
proc Rand {first last} {
    set delta [= {$last - $first + 1}]
    set r [= {$first + int(rand() * $delta)}]
    return $r
}

proc PrintData {} {
    global map M

    set cnt 0
    foreach v $map {
        if {$v == 0x80000000} {
            puts -nonewline [format "%9s" --]
        } else {
            puts -nonewline [format "% 9ld" $v]
        }
        if {([incr cnt] % $M(S)) == 0} { puts ""}
    }
}
################################################################
################################################################
#
# Drawing routines
#

##+##########################################################################
#
# DrawMountains
#
# Sets up the transformation variables and then draws all the triangles.
#
proc DrawMountains {{lvl ""}} {
    global tm M S xc sc wx wy
        global l dlist

        set dlist {}

    if {$lvl == ""} {                           ;# Called from Go
        set lvl $S(w,depth)
        update
        if {$S(draw) == 0} return
    }

    if {$lvl > $M(d,depth)} { error "ERROR: Can't display level $lvl" }
    if {$lvl <= 0} {
        set lvl [= {$M(d,depth) + $lvl}]
        if {$lvl < 0} { set lvl 0 }
    }

    set D [= {1 << $lvl}]                       ;# Nodes per side
    set step [= {1 << ($M(d,depth) - $lvl)}]    ;# Step size for this data set

    INFO "Drawing the [comma [= {2*$D*$D}]] triangles in the display"
    set S(draw) 1
    set wx [winfo width .gl]
    set wy [winfo height .gl]

    set wd [expr {$wx > $wy ? $wy : $wx}]
    set xc [= {0.4073 * (1 << ($S(maxIter) - $S(w,depth)))}]
    set xc [= {0.4073 * (1 << ($S(maxIter) - $M(d,depth)))}]
    set sc [= {$wd / 630.0}]

    # Make transformation matrix for rotating around x axis
    set tm(0,0) 1
    set tm(1,0) 0
    set tm(2,0) 0
    set tm(0,1) 0
    set tm(1,1) [= {cos(-$S(w,xTilt) * $::DEG2RAD)}]
    set tm(2,1) [= {sin(-$S(w,xTilt) * $::DEG2RAD)}]
    set tm(0,2) 0
    set tm(1,2) [= {-sin(-$S(w,xTilt) * $::DEG2RAD)}]
    set tm(2,2) [= {cos(-$S(w,xTilt) * $::DEG2RAD)}]

    # Figure out water level
    set S(water) [= {$M(min) + $S(w,flood) * ($M(max) - $M(min)) / 100.0}]

    # Go back to front, left to right, and draw each triangle
    # .c delete triag2
    for {set y 0} {$y < $M(D)} {incr y $step} {
        set y1 [= {$y + $step}]
        for {set x 0} {$x < $M(D)} {incr x $step} {
            set x1 [= {$x + $step}]
            DrawTriangle $x $y $x $y1 $x1 $y1
            DrawTriangle $x $y $x1 $y1 $x1 $y
        }
        ProgressBar $y $M(D)
        update
        if {! $S(draw)} break
    }
    ProgressBar 1 0

    eval .gl newlist $l $dlist
        .gl redraw
    # set sr [.c bbox all]
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# DrawTriangle
#
# Draw a given triangle. This routine is mainly concerned with the
# possibility that a triangle could span the waterline. If this
# occurs, this procedure breaks it up into three smaller triangles,
# each of which is either above or below water. All actual drawing or
# coloration is delegated to _DrawTriangle.
#
proc DrawTriangle {x0 y0 x1 y1 x2 y2} {
    global S

    set z0 [RMAP $x0 $y0]
    set z1 [RMAP $x1 $y1]
    set z2 [RMAP $x2 $y2]

    # Easy cases: all underwater or all above water
    if {$z0 <= $S(water) && $z1 <= $S(water) && $z2 <= $S(water)} {
        _DrawTriangle $x0 $y0 $S(water) $x1 $y1 $S(water)  $x2 $y2 $S(water)
    } elseif {$z0 >= $S(water) && $z1 >= $S(water) && $z2 >= $S(water)} {
        _DrawTriangle $x0 $y0 $z0 $x1 $y1 $z1 $x2 $y2 $z2
    } else {                                    ;# Spans the water line
        set p0 [list $x0 $y0 $z0]
        set p1 [list $x1 $y1 $z1]
        set p2 [list $x2 $y2 $z2]
        set w(0) [= {$z0 < $S(water)}]
        set w(1) [= {$z1 < $S(water)}]
        set w(2) [= {$z2 < $S(water)}]
        if {$w(0) != $w(1) && $w(0) != $w(2)} {
            set ap $p0
            set s0 $p1
            set s1 $p2
        } elseif {$w(1) != $w(0)} {
            set s1 $p0
            set ap $p1
            set s0 $p2
        } else {
            set s0 $p0
            set s1 $p1
            set ap $p2
        }
        foreach {apx apy apz} $ap break
        foreach {s(0,x) s(0,y) s(0,z)} $s0 break
        foreach {s(1,x) s(1,y) s(1,z)} $s1 break

        # At this point, ap is the "odd man out" - either it is above
        # water and the other two are below, or it is below and the
        # other two are above. Which corner s[0] is and which s[1] is
        # *is* important - if we get the wrong order, the normal
        # vector used to find the shading coefficient is the wrong
        # sign. This is true whenever we are manipulating corners -
        # the ordering is always important.

        # Find the "midpoints" between ap and s[0]&s[1] - this is
        # where we split our big triangle into smaller triangles.
        # Actually it is not a normal midpoint, but a weighted
        # midpoint, such that the z component is 0 - waterline.

        foreach n {0 1} {
            set f($n) [= {-1.0 * ($apz - $S(water)) / ($s($n,z) - $apz)}]
            set m($n,x) [= {$apx - ($apx - $s($n,x)) * $f($n)}]
            set m($n,y) [= {$apy - ($apy - $s($n,y)) * $f($n)}]
            set m($n,z) $S(water)
        }
        # Set whichever triangles are below water to 0 altitude
        if {$apz < $S(water)} {set apz $S(water)} else {
            set s(0,z) $S(water); set s(1,z) $S(water)}

        # Draw our three triangles
        _DrawTriangle $apx $apy $apz $m(0,x) $m(0,y) $m(0,z) \
                                                    $m(1,x) $m(1,y) $m(1,z)
        _DrawTriangle $m(0,x) $m(0,y) $m(0,z) $s(0,x) $s(0,y) $s(0,z) \
                                                    $s(1,x) $s(1,y) $s(1,z)
        _DrawTriangle $m(0,x) $m(0,y) $m(0,z) $s(1,x) $s(1,y) $s(1,z) \
                                                    $m(1,x) $m(1,y) $m(1,z)
    }
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# _DrawTriangle
#
# This routine actually draws a triangle, given by a set of three
# (x,y,z) triplets. It determines the color and shading according to
# altitude and lighting, and draws the triangle.
#
variable ::UseShadingModel 1
proc _DrawTriangle {x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 x3 y3 z3} {
    global S dlist UseShadingModel

    # Figure out what color we want: blue, green or gray
    if {$z1 == $S(water) && $z2 == $S(water) && $z3 == $S(water)} {
        set color ".6 .6 1"   ;# water
    } elseif {$UseShadingModel} {
        set treeline [expr {.4 * $S(normalHeight) + 10000}]
        set snowcap [expr {$treeline + 19000}]
        set az [expr {($z1 + $z2 + $z3) / 3.0}]    ;# Average height
        if {$az > $snowcap} {
            set color 150                       ;# Gray
        } elseif {$az < $treeline} {
            set color 0                         ;# Green
        } else {
            set color [expr {($az - $treeline) / (($snowcap - $treeline)/150)}]
        }

        # Compute cosine of angle of triangle normal to "light direction"
        set dx1 [expr {$x2-$x1}]
        set dy1 [expr {$y2-$y1}]
        set dz1 [expr {($z2-$z1)/20000}]                ;# Fudge factor
        set dx2 [expr {$x3-$x1}]
        set dy2 [expr {$y3-$y1}]
        set dz2 [expr {($z3-$z1)/20000}]                ;# Fudge factor
        set nx [expr {$dy1*$dz2 - $dz1*$dy2}]
        set ny [expr {$dz1*$dx2 - $dx1*$dz2}]
        set nz [expr {$dx1*$dy2 - $dy1*$dx2}]
        set nlen [expr {hypot(hypot($nx, $ny), $nz)}]
        set cosangle [expr {abs(($nz*.8+$nx*.6)/($nlen+.00001))}]

        # Blend to brown and white over treeline (work in hsv color model)
        set C [expr {(150-$color) / 150.0}]
        set h [expr {$C * (120 - 45) + 45}]                        ;# 120 -> 45
        set s $C                                                ;# 1 -> 0
        set v [expr {.9 - $C * (.94-2.0/3) - (1.-$cosangle)/3}]        ;# .94 -> .667

        set color [hsv2rgb $h $s $v]
    } else {
        set treeline [= {.4 * $S(normalHeight) + 10000}]
        set snowcap [= {$treeline + 19000}]
        set az [= {($z1 + $z2 + $z3) / 3.0}]    ;# Average height
        if {$az > $snowcap} {
            set color 150                       ;# Gray
        } elseif {$az < $treeline} {
            set color 0                         ;# Green
        } else {
            set color [= {($az - $treeline) / (($snowcap - $treeline)/150)}]
        }

        # Blend to brown and white over treeline (work in hsv color model)
        set C [= {(150-$color) / 150.0}]
        set h [= {$C * (120 - 45) + 45}]        ;# 120 -> 45
        set s $C                                ;# 1 -> 0
        set v [= {.94 - $C * (.94 - 2.0/3)}]    ;# .94 -> .667

        set color [hsv2rgb $h $s $v]
    }
    append dlist " -color $color \
          -begin triangles \
          -vertex $x1 $y1 $z1 \
          -vertex $x2 $y2 $z2 \
          -vertex $x3 $y3 $z3 \
          -end "
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# hsv2rgb
#
# Convert from HSV color model to RGB model. h is 0.0 to 360.0, s and v
# are 0.0 to 1.0.
#
proc hsv2rgb {h s v} {
    set v [= {double($v)}]
    set r [set g [set b 0.0]]
    if {$h == 360 || $h == -1} { set h 0 }
    set h [= {$h/60}]
    set i [= {int(floor($h))}]
    set f [= {$h - $i}]
    set p1 [= {$v*(1-$s)}]
    set p2 [= {$v*(1-($s*$f))}]
    set p3 [= {$v*(1-($s*(1-$f)))}]
    switch -- $i {
        0 { set r $v  ; set g $p3 ; set b $p1 }
        1 { set r $p2 ; set g $v  ; set b $p1 }
        2 { set r $p1 ; set g $v  ; set b $p3 }
        3 { set r $p1 ; set g $p2 ; set b $v  }
        4 { set r $p3 ; set g $p1 ; set b $v  }
        5 { set r $v  ; set g $p1 ; set b $p2 }
    }
    return [list $r $g $b] 
}
################################################################
################################################################
#
# GUI stuff
#
proc DoDisplay {} {
    wm title . "Fractal Mountains"
    wm protocol . WM_DELETE_WINDOW exit
    DoMenus

    frame .bottom -bd 2 -relief ridge
        OGLwin .gl -width 600 -height 600
    global l
    set l [.gl newlist]
        set ax [.gl newlist \
          -begin lines \
           -vertex 0 0 0 -vertex 500 0 0 \
            -vertex 495 5 0 -vertex 505 -5 0 \
            -vertex 495 -5 0 -vertex 505 5 0 \
           -vertex 0 0 0 -vertex 0 500 0 \
            -vertex -5 505 0 -vertex 5 500 0 \
            -vertex 5 505 0 -vertex -5 495 0 \
           -vertex 0 0 0 -vertex 0 0 500 \
           -end ]
        set lt [.gl newlist \
           -light light0 diffuse 0.9 0.9 0.7 \
           -light light0 specular 1 1 1 \
           -light light0 position 1000 1000 1000 \
           -light light0 spotdirecion -1 -1 -1 \
           ]
        .gl mainlist -clear colorbuffer depthbuffer -call $ax -call $l -call $lt
        .gl eval -matrixmode projection \
            -loadidentity \
            -ortho -50 50 -50 50 -80 50 \
                -rotate 135 0 0 -1 \
                -rotate 315 -1 1 0 \
                -disable lighting \
                -enable light0 \
                -enable colormaterial -enable depthtest

    canvas .msg  -bd 1 -relief sunken -height 20 -highlightthickness 0
    .msg xview moveto 0 ; .msg yview moveto 0
    .msg create text 5 2 -tag txt -anchor nw
    pack .bottom -side right -fill y
    pack .msg -side bottom -fill x
    pack .gl -side top -fill both -expand 1

        proc rescale {args} {
          global px1 px2 py1 py2 pz1 pz2
          .gl eval -matrixmode modelview \
            -loadidentity \
                -scale $pz2 $pz2 $pz2 \
                -rotate 180 1 0 0 
          .gl redraw
        }

        # bindings for GL window
        set ::lenable 0
        focus .gl
        bind .gl <space> {
          if {$lenable} {
            .gl eval -disable lighting
                .gl redraw
            set lenable 0
          } else {
            .gl eval -enable lighting
                .gl redraw
            set lenable 1
          }
        }
        bind .gl <Button-1> { set x %x ; set y %y }
        set ::pmode fill
        bind .gl <B1-Motion> {
                set xrot [expr %x - $x]
                set yrot [expr %y - $y]
                set x %x
                set y %y
                .gl eval -matrixmode projection \
                                -rotate $xrot 0 0 1\
                                -rotate $yrot -1 1 0
                .gl redraw
        }
        bind .gl <Button-3> {
            if {$pmode=="fill"} { set pmode line  } else { set pmode fill }
                .gl eval -polygonmode frontandback $pmode
                .gl redraw
        }
        set ::moving 0
        bind .gl <ButtonPress-2> {
            set ::moving 1
                after 0 move
        }
        bind .gl <ButtonRelease-2> {
            set ::moving 0
        }

    proc move {} {
                if {!$::moving} return
            .gl eval -matrixmode projection \
                  -translate 0 0 1
                .gl redraw
                after 10 move
        }

    myOptMenu .f1 Iterations S(v,depth) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    myOptMenu .f2 Contour S(v,contour) \
        0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 3.00 5.00
    myOptMenu .f3 Smoothness S(v,roughness) \
        1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.75 3.50 5.00
    myOptMenu .f4 Height S(v,nHeight) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    myOptMenu .f5 Profile S(v,profile) 1 2 3 4 5
    myScale .f6 " Water\n Level" S(v,flood) 0 100

    frame .spacer
    button .go -text "Draw Mountain" -command {Go 1} -bd 4
    button .redraw -text "Redraw Mountain" -command {Go 2} -bd 4 -state disabled
    button .stop -text "Stop Drawing"  -command Stop -bd 4 -state disabled
    .go configure -font "[font actual [.go cget -font]] -weight bold"
    .redraw configure -font [.go cget -font]
    .stop configure -font [.go cget -font]

    grid .f1 - - -in .bottom -sticky ew -row 0
    grid .f2 - - -in .bottom -sticky ew
    grid .f3 - - -in .bottom -sticky ew
    grid .f4 - - -in .bottom -sticky ew
    grid .f5 - - -in .bottom -sticky ew
    grid .f6 - - -in .bottom -sticky ew
    grid .spacer -in .bottom -pady 10 -row 50
    grid x .go x -in .bottom -sticky ew
    grid x .redraw x -in .bottom -sticky ew
    grid x .stop x -in .bottom -sticky ew -pady 10
    grid rowconfigure .bottom 100 -weight 1

    bind all <Alt-c> {console show}
    update
}
proc myScale {f lbl var from to} {
    frame $f -bd 2 -relief raised
    label $f.lbl -text $lbl -bd 0 -anchor w
    label $f.lbl2 -text "value%"
    scale $f.s -orient h -from $from -to $to -showvalue 0 -variable $var
    $f.s config -command [list myScale2 $f.lbl2]
    pack $f.lbl -side left -expand 1 -fill x
    pack $f.lbl2 -side top
    pack $f.s -side bottom
    return $f
}
proc myScale2 {w value} {
    $w config -text "$value%"
}

proc DoMenus {} {
    . configure -menu [menu .m -tearoff 0]
    .m add cascade -menu [menu .m.file -tearoff 0] -label "File" -underline 0
    .m add cascade -menu [menu .m.help -tearoff 0] -label "Help" -underline 0

    .m.file add command -label "Draw Mountain" -under 0 -command {Go 1}
    .m.file add command -label "Redraw Mountain" -under 0 -command {Go 2}
    .m.file add command -label "Stop Drawing" -under 0 -command {Go 0}
    .m.file add separator
    .m.file add command -label Exit -under 0 -command exit

    .m.help add command -label Help  -under 0 -command Help
    .m.help add separator
    .m.help add command -label About -under 0 -command About
}

set SplashData {
    {{ 56  35  93  50  74  32} E2E2E2} {{ 93  50 112  33  74  32} D8D8D8}
    {{ 93  50 130  56 112  33} CED19D} {{130  56 149  56 112  33} 97C35A}
    {{162  87 159  89 168  89} 9f9fff} {{149  56 130  56 162  87} 00A700}
    {{130  56 159  89 162  87} 00A700} {{174  86 162  87 168  89} 9f9fff}
    {{186  64 149  56 174  86} 00A200} {{149  56 162  87 174  86} 00A200}
    {{174  86 193  84 186  64} 00A700} {{168  89 205  89 174  86} 9f9fff}
    {{205  89 193  84 174  86} 9f9fff} {{223  82 193  84 205  89} 9f9fff}
    {{186  64 193  84 223  82} 00A500} {{ 37  57  74  66  56  35} D4D6A4}
    {{ 74  66  93  50  56  35} DCDCB0} {{ 74  66 112  59  93  50} 6FA13F}
    {{112  59 130  56  93  50} 88B251} {{144  93 140  95 149  95} 9f9fff}
    {{130  56 112  59 144  93} 00A800} {{112  59 140  95 144  93} 00A800}
    {{144  93 159  89 130  56} 00A900} {{149  95 168  89 144  93} 9f9fff}
    {{168  89 159  89 144  93} 9f9fff} {{149  95 186  95 168  89} 9f9fff}
    {{186  95 205  89 168  89} 9f9fff} {{ 19  81  56  82  37  57} 009B00}
    {{ 56  82  74  66  37  57} 00A100} {{ 56  82  93  90  74  66} 00A000}
    {{ 93  90 112  59  74  66} 009200} {{ 93  90 130 101 112  59} 00A400}
    {{140  95 132 101 149  95} 9f9fff} {{112  59 130 101 140  95} 00A500}
    {{130 101 132 101 140  95} 00A500} {{131 102 132 101 130 101} 00A500}
    {{168 102 149  95 131 102} 9f9fff} {{149  95 132 101 131 102} 9f9fff}
    {{168 102 186  95 149  95} 9f9fff} {{ 33 107   5 108  37 108} 9f9fff}
    {{ 19  81   5 108  33 107} 00A000} {{  5 108   5 108  33 107} 9f9fff}
    {{ 42 107  33 107  37 108} 9f9fff} {{ 56  82  19  81  42 107} 009C00}
    {{ 19  81  33 107  42 107} 009C00} {{ 55 108  42 107  37 108} 9f9fff}
    {{ 74 102  56  82  55 108} 008A00} {{ 56  82  42 107  55 108} 008A00}
    {{ 74 102  93  90  56  82} 009E00} {{100 104  83 108 112 108} 9f9fff}
    {{ 93  90  74 102 100 104} 00AA00} {{ 74 102  83 108 100 104} 00AA00}
    {{130 102 100 104 112 108} 9f9fff} {{130 101  93  90 130 102} 00A400}
    {{ 93  90 100 104 130 102} 00A400} {{130 102 131 102 130 101} 00A900}
    {{112 108 149 108 130 102} 9f9fff} {{149 108 131 102 130 102} 9f9fff}
    {{131 102 131 102 130 101} 00A900} {{149 108 168 102 131 102} 9f9fff}
    {{168 102 131 102 131 102} 9f9fff}}

##+##########################################################################
#
# Splash
#
# Draws our startup screen
#
proc Splash {{w .c}} {
    $w delete all
    font create myfont -family Times -size 72

    foreach cmd $::SplashData {
        $w create poly [lindex $cmd 0] -fill "\#[lindex $cmd 1]" \
            -tag [list triag [lindex $cmd 1]]
    }
    foreach {l t r b} [$w bbox triag] break
    set x $r
    set y [= {($t + $b)/2}]
    $w create text $x $y -text "Fractal" -anchor w -font myfont -tag {L1 txt}

    set x [= {[winfo width $w] / 2}]
    if {$x == 0} { set x [= {[winfo reqwidth $w] / 2}]}
    foreach {l t r b} [$w bbox L1] break
    set y [= {$y + $b - $t}]
    $w create text $x $y -text "Mountains" -anchor c -font myfont -tag {L2 txt}

    foreach {l t r b} [$w bbox L2] break
    set y [= {$y + $b - $t}]
    $w create text $x $y -text "by" -font {Times 24} -tag by
    foreach {l t r b} [$w bbox by] break
    set y [= {$y + $b - $t}]
    $w create text $x $y -text "Keith Vetter" -font {Times 24}
    set y [= {$y + $b - $t}]
    $w create text $x $y -text "Version $::S(version)    $::S(date)" \
        -font {Times 12}

    font delete myfont
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# About - simple about dialog
#
proc About {} {
    catch {destroy .about}
    toplevel .about
    wm title .about "About Fractal Mountains"
    button .about.dismiss -text "Dismiss" -command {destroy .about}
    canvas .about.c -bd 2 -relief raised -width 600 -height 450
    pack .about.dismiss -side bottom -pady 10
    pack .about.c -side top -fill both -expand 1
    Splash .about.c
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# Help -- a simple help screen
#
proc Help {} {
    catch {destroy .help}
    toplevel .help
    wm title .help "Fractal Mountains Help"
    wm geom .help "+[expr {[winfo x .] + [winfo width .] + 10}]+[winfo y .]"

    text .help.t -relief raised -wrap word -width 70 -height 23 \
        -padx 10 -pady 10 -cursor {} -yscrollcommand {.help.sb set}
    scrollbar .help.sb -orient vertical -command {.help.t yview}
    button .help.dismiss -text Dismiss -command {destroy .help}
    pack .help.dismiss -side bottom -pady 10
    pack .help.sb -side right -fill y
    pack .help.t -side top -expand 1 -fill both

    set bold "[font actual [.help.t cget -font]] -weight bold"
    set italic "[font actual [.help.t cget -font]] -slant italic"
    .help.t tag config title -justify center -foregr red -font "Times 20 bold"
    .help.t tag configure title2 -justify center -font "Times 12 bold"
    .help.t tag configure bullet -font $bold
    .help.t tag configure ital -font $bold -lmargin1 15
    .help.t tag configure bn -lmargin1 15 -lmargin2 15
    .help.t tag configure bn2 -lmargin1 15 -lmargin2 40

    .help.t insert end "Fractal Mountains\n" title
    .help.t insert end "by Keith Vetter\n\n" title2

    set m "Fractal Mountains displays a landscape generated using fractals. "
    append m "It is based on code and article by Ben Haller at "
    append m "http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/ "
    append m "Vol.07/07.05/FractalMountains/.\n\n"
    .help.t insert end $m

    .help.t insert end "Display Parameters\n" bullet
    .help.t insert end "Iterations" ital
    .help.t insert end "how detailed the mountain will be.\n" bn2
    .help.t insert end "Contour" ital
    .help.t insert end "controls relative steepness at different " bn2
    .help.t insert end "heights, with higher numbers giving steep peaks " bn2
    .help.t insert end "and flatter lowlands.\n" bn2
    .help.t insert end "Smoothness" ital
    .help.t insert end "controls how jagged the sides of the mountains " bn2
    .help.t insert end "will be.\n"
    .help.t insert end "Height" ital
    .help.t insert end "controls the overall height of the mountain.\n" bn2
    .help.t insert end "Profile" ital
    .help.t insert end "selects from a number of initial shapes.\n" bn2
    .help.t insert end "Tilt" ital
    .help.t insert end "selects the viewing angle.\n" bn2
    .help.t insert end "Water Level" ital
    .help.t insert end "selects altitude for the water as a percantage " bn2
    .help.t insert end "of maximun height or depth.\n\n" bn2

    set m "Fractal Mountains starts with two side-by-side equilateral "
    append m "triangles in the shape of a parallelogram and assigns an "
    append m "altitude to each vertex. Next, each triangle is subdivided "
    append m "into four similar smaller triangles by adding vertices at the "
    append m "midpoint of each side. These new vertices are given an altitude "
    append m "which is the average of the two vertices at the end of that side "
    append m "with a random deviation added in. Thus, each iteration "
    append m "quadruples the number of triangles, thereby increasing the "
    append m "details of the mountain.\n\n"
    .help.t insert end "Generating a Fractal Mountain\n" bullet $m bn

    set m "Redraw lets you see the affects of changing different parameters on "
    append m "the same shaped mountain. For example, you could change the "
    append m "height parameter, hit Redraw Mountain, and see the same mountain "
    append m "at different heights. For all parameters except iterations, "
    append m "this can be done by using the same sequence of random numbers. "
    append m "For iterations we must do something different. If we decrease "
    append m "iterations, we sub-sample the existing data. If we increase it, "
    append m "we transfer existing data into the new template and call our "
    append m "fractal engine to fill in the missing slots.\n\n"
    append m "The ability to redraw at an increased depth is very useful in "
    append m "generating pretty mountains at high detail. You can't tell if "
    append m "a random scene is a good one until you've drawn it, but at "
    append m "level 7 and above this takes a long time. The solution is to "
    append m "draw the scene at a lower level, say 5 or 6, then if you like "
    append m "the basic shape, increase the iteration level and redraw it.\n\n"
    .help.t insert end "Redraw Mountain Button\n" bullet $m bn

    .help.t config -state disabled
}

##+##########################################################################
#
# myOptMenu - creates a label and optionMenu combination
#
proc myOptMenu {f lbl var args} {
    frame $f -bd 2 -relief raised
    label $f.lbl -text " $lbl" -bd 0 -anchor w
    eval tk_optionMenu $f.opt $var $args
    $f.opt config -bd 0 -highlightthickness 0
    pack $f.lbl -side left -fill x -expand 1
    pack $f.opt -side right
    return $f
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# ProgressBar -- draws colored progress bar the right length in .msg
#
proc ProgressBar {num max} {
    global state

    set w .msg
    $w delete progress
    if {$max == 0} return

    set width  [winfo width $w]
    set height [winfo height $w]
    set x [= {$num * $width / double($max)}]
    $w create rect 0 0 $x $height -tag progress -fill cyan -outline cyan
    $w lower progress
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# ToggleButtons -- enables/disables command buttons
#
proc ToggleButtons {onoff} {
    set offon [= {! $onoff}]
    array set state {0 disabled 1 normal}
    .go config -state $state($offon)
        .m.file entryconfig 0 -state $state($offon)
    .redraw config -state $state($offon)
        .m.file entryconfig 1 -state $state($offon)
    .stop config -state $state($onoff)
        .m.file entryconfig 2 -state $state($onoff)
}
proc INFO {txt} {
    .msg itemconfig txt -text $txt
    update
}
proc clear {} {
    # .c delete all
    ProgressBar 1 0
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# comma -- adds commas to a number
#
proc comma {n} {
    while {[regsub {^([-+]?\d+)(\d{3})} $n {\1,\2} n]} {}
    return $n
}
##+##########################################################################
#
# Duration - Prints out seconds in a nice format
#
proc Duration { int_time } {
    if {$int_time == 0} {return "0 secs"}
    set timeList [list]
    foreach div {86400 3600 60 1} mod {0 24 60 60} name {day hr min sec} {
        set n [expr {$int_time / $div}]
        if {$mod > 0} {set n [expr {$n % $mod}]}
        if {$n > 1} {
            lappend timeList "$n ${name}s"
        } elseif {$n == 1} {
            lappend timeList "$n $name"
        }
    }
    return [join $timeList]
}
################################################################
################################################################
################################################################

DoDisplay