Arjen Markus 19 november 2002. In reaction to a discussion in the Tclers' chat room:
A function that is used quite regularly in cryptographic applications is:
P(n,r,m) = n^r mod m
(n^r denotes n to the power r, all three parameters are positive integers)
This function does not exist as such within the expr command, but it is simple to create a procedure that evaluates this function efficiently.
The parameters for this function are usually large enough to make a direct calculation impossible. But the trick is to recognise that n^r can be written as n^(r/2)*n^(r/2) when r is even. If r is odd, then write it as:
n^r = n * (n^(r-1))
and then we have the first case back.
Furthermore, the modulo function is very well behaved:
(h * g) mod m = ( (h mod m) * (g mod m) ) mod m
Given these observations, here is a recursive proc that evaluates the above function in at most 2*log2(r) steps. This can probably be improved, but I am a bit lazy.
AM Repaired a stupid mistake at the bottom. rmax provided some useful comments - so changed the body into a if-elseif-chain
WARNING The code as shown only works correctly on 64-bits machines or when all intermediate results fit in a 32-bits integer. This requires some more work right now ...
AMG: Is this warning still applicable in recent versions of Tcl?
AM: No, from 8.5 onwards, Tcl has arbitrary-precision integers, so that even 52131^53124 can be computed (even though it is a ridiculously large number). The code and comments should be updated.
proc powm {n r m} {
#
# Take care of the trivial cases first (they also stop the recursion)
#
if { $r == 0 } {
set result 1
} elseif { $r == 1 } {
set result [expr {$n % $m}]
} elseif { $r%2 == 0 } {
set nn [powm $n [expr {$r/2}] $m]
set result [expr { ($nn*$nn) % $m} ]
} else {
set nn [powm $n [expr {$r-1}] $m]
set result [expr { ($n*$nn) % $m} ]
}
return $result
}
#
# Testing the function
#
# The following cases are easy to verify manually:
# powm(1,10,2) = 1
# powm(2,10,3) = 1024 mod 3 = 1
# powm(3,4,5) = 81 mod 5 = 1
puts "powm(1,10,2) = [powm 1 10 2 ]"
puts "powm(2,10,3) = [powm 2 10 3 ]"
puts "powm(3, 4,5) = [powm 3 4 5 ]"
#
# Larger numbers (results respectively, 1, 71, 381, 12685)
#
puts "powm(31,24,15) = [powm 31 24 15 ]"
puts "powm(131,124,115) = [powm 131 124 115 ]"
puts "powm(2131,3124,4115) = [powm 2131 3124 4115 ]"
puts "powm(52131,53124,54115) = [powm 52131 53124 54115 ]"Note that in the last test cases the intermediate numbers would be much too big to deal with directly:
52131^53124 = Order(10^246334)
or, to put it in another way, a figure with a quarter million digits
rmax -- If you want to use this function in real-world applications you might be interested in the following optimized version which runs 20..50% faster, depending on the Tcl version. Interpretation is left as an exercise to the reader.
proc powm {n r m} {
expr {$r & 1 ?
$n * [powm $n [expr {$r-1}] $m] % $m : $r ?
[set nn [powm $n [expr {$r >> 1}] $m]] * $nn % $m : 1 }
}When you have Tcl 8.4 you can use the wide() function to promote n to a wide integer which raises the 32bit barrier noted above to 64bit:
proc powm_wide {n r m} {
powm [expr {wide($n)}] $r $m
}